Atrial Fibrillation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Atrial Fibrillation - Research Paper Example According to Bashore et al (2013), AF occurs in 10% of people above age 80. Generally, AF affects about 3% of the population in Europe and the US. The numbers increased by 1% between 2005 and 2014 In the developing countries, incidence is estimated to reach 0.4% for women and 0.5% for men (Lercari et al, 2014).   In a UK-based study, Framingham revealed that the risk of getting AF after 40 equals to one in six, regardless of sex, and one in for in individuals with a history of heart failure (Cottrell, 2011). The analysis of over 0.5 million cases in England allows to assume that males are more likely to develop AF than females (NCC-CC, 2006). However, there is an assumption that the real numbers are higher, since the screening does not cover the entire population (NHS Improvement, 2009). In the UK, 45.000 new cases are registered annually (Iqbal et al, 2005). Occurrence of AF implies organic lesion of the heart. Common cardiac causes include IHD, rheumatic heart disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathies, and heart failure, while some non-cardiac are the acute infection and lung and thyroid pathology. AF can also be iatrogenic and develop after the surgical manipulations in the thorax (NCC-CC, 2006). Apparently, AF would not develop without the damage to the cardiac tissue. The lesion becomes the reason why extra stimuli are being generated. The reparation processes in cardiac muscle, stretching and proliferation place more pressure on the atria, which, in turn, increases the pressure in the pulmonary veins. Such condition is known to be the precursor of heart failure, atherosclerosis, obesity, and valve disease – the direct causes of AF (Larson, 2009). Age is considered to be a principal risk factor for AF, as the incidence ascends from 0,5-1% of the population aged 50 to 23% of people over 80 years (Westerby and Cottrell, 2011). As far as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hypertension lead to IHD, they also form a

Radiology. Lonizing radiation Essay Example for Free

Radiology. Lonizing radiation Essay I. Introduction A.(Opening Device) I’m sure most of you in here have broken, fractured, or sprained something in your body before. And you had to take that dreadful trip to the ER after whatever crazy and or stupid thing you just did. Or it might even just been from you playing the sport you love. My favorite part of that trip is when they finally bring in the x-rays and you get to see the part of your body that should not look like it does in the picture. I’d love to share how some of the equipment they use to see these things work! B.(Thesis Statement) When I grow up, I want to be a radiologist. C.(Preview of Main Points) In order to help you understand more about what radiology is and how it’s used is so many different ways ill use 3 main points: first what radiologists actually do and devices they use; second, what the average salary of a radiologist is today; and third, diseases radiologists can help detect II. Body A. Radiologists are medical doctors that specialize in using x-rays and radioactive substances to diagnose bones and treat illnesses. 1.Some ways things wrong with your body are found.  a. According to Who is a Radiologist, posted on the website of Ranzcr.edu, accessed on September 12, 2013, many of the uses include: X-ray technology, computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and nuclear medicine imaging. b.The difference between all these forms of radiology are some are used to detect broken bones, some used to detect muscles and stuff going on with your organs, and many other uses including seeing your baby for the first time. 2.Average salary of a radiologist. a.The average starting salary of a radiologist ranges from 50-80,000 dollars a year depending on your location confirmed by â€Å"Career of a Radiologist,† authored by Diane Turner, an MD, on salarysite.com, dated 2012. b. After 3 years of working as a radiologist, experts determined that the average salary then rises to $325 thousand a year. c.If you’re planning to get into this profession you have to majorly take location into consideration,  that’ll be the best way to make sure you’re making the most you can. New York has the highest paid radiologists in the country with the average being $454,710, and California is in second with $355,000. C. Diseases radiologists can help detect. 1. Cancer a. With there being many different forms of cancer ill just explain how a few are found. b.according to the website on cancer research Xrays- cartilage and bone cancer, ct scans- tumors, mris- brain cancer, pet scan(positron emission tomography) relatively new technology, only available in few hospitals in the uk right now, and they show how a particular part of your body is actually working not just what it looks like (basically ultrasound of body not just a picture) 2. Kidney Stones a. There are two main ways kidney stones can be detected b.They can use a ct scan that places the patient in an xray tube and creates several images of the kidneys and bladder or they can use a IVP or intravenous pyelogram which is where they inject a special dye into your veins and take images that will detect anything in the dye. III. Conclusion A.(Summary) Overall, Radiologists have to have a very wide spanned knowledge of the body and medical devices that are used. They are also one of the highest paid careers in the medical field today. B.(Closing Device) Radiologists without a doubt enjoy a high paying profession. Given the fact that they undergo thorough training in their educational level, this pay is worth it. The competition to be a radiologist in the US is majorly rising and the number of students pursuing this profession is also on the increase.

Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell Essay -- Orwell Elephant Shootin

Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell Few supervisors experience lack of respect and denunciation from workers because of their positions in a company. Supervisors take actions to preserve the image of authority before subordinates and from being ridiculed by their workers, even if the supervisors object these types of actions. The essay "Shooting an Elephant" relates to this situation. The author of this essay is George Orwell. The author talks about his work and personal experience that emphasizes the impact of imperialism at the sociological and psychological stage. This paper shall discuss the Orwell's essay, how the artistic choices shape the facts in the essay, how the relationship between facts and artistry contributed to the essay, technique used, and how the tension between the facts and artistic intention in his thesis relates to the workplace. Essay, artistic choices, and relationship between facts and artistry. The author joined the Indian Imperial Police as a colonial policeman in Moulmein, lower Burma, located in the part of the British Empire. This story took place in the late 1920s or early 1930s (Orwell, 1996, p.150). The story explains a culture conflict between the British (subjugator) and the Burmese (subjugated). Few British are present nevertheless the British rule, and the narrator, as sub-divisional police officer, is an agent of that rule. This contradiction is part of the setting, as is the local resentment against the British presence. Burmese hates the narrator and manifest this hatred by deception rather than directly. The Burmese would not raise a riot, but would let the British know how they felt. The author stated if a European woman goes through the bazaars alone somebody would probably... ..., the animals, and the psychological space of the people. Imperialism is described with a compelling metaphor. This essay with its metaphors, irony, and imagery relates well with today's workplace. Conclusion Some supervisors have an idea notion that their decisions are the only matters that counts. They become the "leading actor." They do not need to listen to anyone else so they have the strength to act on their own. The irony is that they are being jerked around by every petty instigator who can convince them that the little bickering and debates are their own. So the supervisors, like Orwell, do what can be identified as both ill-advised and incorrect. Reference Orwell, G. (1996). Shooting An Elephant. In C. LaRocoo & J. Coughlin (Eds.), The art of work: An anthology of workplace literature (pp.142-150). Cincinnati: South-Western Educational Publishing

The Man I Killed, By Tim O’Brien Essay -- Vietnam War

Usually when someone is murdered, people expect the murderer to feel culpable. This though, is not the case in war. When in war, a soldier is taught that the enemy deserves to die, for no other reason than that they are the nation’s enemy. When Tim O’Brien kills a man during the Vietnam War, he is shocked that the man is not the buff, wicked, and terrifying enemy he was expecting. This realization overwhelms him in guilt. O’Brien’s guilt has him so fixated on the life of his victim that his own presence in the story—as protagonist and narrator—fades to the black. Since he doesn’t use the first person to explain his guilt and confusion, he negotiates his feelings by operating in fantasy—by imagining an entire life for his victim, from his boyhood and his family to his feeling about the war and about the Americans. In The Man I Killed, Tim O’Brien explores the truth of The Vietnam War by vividly describing the dead body an d the imagined life of the man he has killed to question the morality of killing in a war that seems to have no point to him. The detailed descriptions of the dead man’s body show the terrible costs of the war in a physical aspect. O’Brien’s guilt almost takes on its own rhythm in the repetition of ideas, phrases, and observations about the man’s body. Some of the ideas here, especially the notion of the victim being a â€Å"slim, young, dainty man,† help emphasize O’Brien’s fixation on the effects of his action—that he killed someone who was innocent and not meant to be fighting in the war. At the same time, his focus on these physical characteristics, rather than on his own feelings, betrays his attempt to keep some distance in order to dull the pain. The long, unending sentences force the reader to read the deta... ... big deal than in helping him work through his emotions. In between the remarks from the others, O’Brien sits in the inevitable silence of Vietnam—a stillness that forces one to confront the realities of war. Behind every war there is supposed to be a moral—some reason for fighting. Unfortunately, this is often not the case. O’Brien relays to the readers the truth of the Vietnam War through the graphic descriptions of the man that he killed. After killing the man O’Brien was supposed to feel relief, even victory, but instead he feels grief of killing a man that was not what he had expected. O’Brien is supposed to be the winner, but ends up feeling like the loser. Ironically, the moral or lesson in The Things They Carried is that there is no morality in war. War is vague and illogical because it forces humans into extreme situations that have no obvious solutions.

How to Conduct a Theatre Audition

How to Conduct a Theatre Audition When conducting auditions for a play, it is of utmost importance to establish an attitude of professionalism from the get-go. One must pay attention to detail and manage human resources well in order to make accurate casting decisions. Like any employer, directors must be careful to cast each role with the right candidate. Therefore, it is crucial that producers and directors preemptively take care of logistical issues so that they may focus on each actor's audition. 1. Step 1Secure a place and a time for your auditions. Studio spaces, vacant theaters, and conference rooms provide a professional atmosphere and ample space. You should book this space at least a month in advance. If you are auditioning for a musical, ensure that the room has good acoustics and make arrangements to hire an accompanist and a choreographer. 2. Step 2 Inform Stage Management of the time and place of auditions. If you do not have a Stage Manager or ASM yet, then ask your fr iends if they would be willing to help you conduct auditions.It is vitally important that you have at least two other people help you with the audition process. 3. Step 3 Write a breakdown of the roles that you need to cast. You should include the approximate age, gender, and race of each character, if applicable. Include contact information so that the actors can make an appointment and send headshots and resumes. 4. Step 4 Go through the play and select scenes that will give the actors the ability to show their stuff. These are called sides. Make sure you have someone in the room to read with the actors. 5.Step 5 Get the word out. Place ads in theatre magazines, send audition notices to agents, send out blast e-mails, etc. You need to make sure everyone knows about your auditions. 6. Step 6 On the day of the audition, arrive at the theater an hour before auditions are scheduled to begin. Bring copies of the play, a production schedule, a pen, paper, and a folder. Ask your Assistan t Stage Manager to serve as a receptionist. Your Stage Manager should be in the audition room with you. 7. Step 7 When an actor walks into the audition room, greet them kindly.Auditions make many actors nervous. Ask them to begin their audition when they are ready. When they are finished, simply thank them and then make detailed notes about their audition. 8. Step 8 When you have finished with auditions, go home and organize the headshots by character. Narrow down your choices. If you are having callbacks, then notify your Stage Manager which actors have secured a callback. If not, then make your casting decisions and notify your Stage Manager, who will in turn notify the actors.

Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings

Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings Free Online Research Papers During the 18th America was dealing with independence from Europe and trying to establish them as a strong country. As far as government goes no a monarchal government was not in question. Many people saw great opportunity to step up and contribute ideas that will make America into the country of preference. One of these men was 3rd president and member of the original founding fathers, Thomas Jefferson. While most Americans view Thomas Jefferson as an upstanding and honorable man. He was plagued with the moral contradiction of having fathered children with one of his slaves Sally Heming’s and as a result spurred a great deal of controversy. As a result of his action’s Jefferson’s virtuous demeanor is questioned and shows how hypocritical he is. Peter Jefferson, a planter turned legislature in the Virginia House of Burgesses and Jane Randolph, daughter of a rich distinguished Virginia family are the parents of Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson was born April 3 1743, at Shadwell, his family farm in Albemarle County Virginia. Growing up he was taught discipline and self-perseverance. His father taught him how to read, write and also how to do a numerous amount of outdoor activities. However he soon had to put his child behavior behind him and without warning take over being the man of the household. 1757 Thomas Jefferson, is 14 and has to faces the death of his father. With being the oldest male Thomas Jefferson had to now take responsibilities over his younger siblings. Unable to enjoy his youth like he used to Jefferson found satisfaction in horseback riding playing his instruments and taking walks in the company of his sister Jane. Like most young men in this time he attended private schools and was provided with the best tutors where he studied several languages. Education became Jefferson’s top priority. In 1760 he enrolled at the college of William and Mary located in Williamsburg Virginia. â€Å"Jefferson often referred to his college town as devilsburg.† When most young men where out drinking Jefferson was preferred to be in his books studying. It’s no surprise that he excelled in such subjects as calculus, Greek, Spanish, grammar, and classical literature. William and Mary granted him an honorary degree in 1782. After college Jefferson went on to study law with George Wythe. He practiced law from 1761 to 1774. Thomas Jefferson did not believe in racial equality, and thought that blacks were intellectually inferior. However in one of the most important documents in American history is the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson himself, he says †We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by there creator† Jefferson knew that his ownership of slaves contradicted his principles. What Jefferson wanted most was for slaves to one day be free, he wanted them to go back to Africa. He refused to grant freedom to his own slaves because of their significances to his wealth, but overall he condemned slavery. Thomas Jefferson began building Monticello in 1770, his estate that was more than 10,000 acres. Over 180 slaves occupied and cared his estate while he was away. In 1772 he married Martha Wayles Skleton and moved her into his home at Monticello. Martha came from a well-established family; John Wayles her father was a well-known lawyer. Along with Martha came the company of her slave who also happened to be her half sister. Sally Hemings was the daughter of John Wayles and his slave Betty Hemings. After Thomas Jefferson’s wife died there were rumors speculating that he was secretly involved with one of his salves intimately. James Callender took the liberty to write about this controversy in the Richmond Recorder. Callender writes â€Å"It’s well known that the man, whom it delighteeth the people to honor, keeps for many years in his concubine, one of his slaves. Her name is Sally†¦By this wench Sally, our president has had several children.† Many people began to respond to this statement. Abolitionists used this scandal as an example for the corruption of slavery. Many Americans did not accept the affair but they knew that there was truth to it. In the widely read 1839 A diary in America by Frederick Marryat, he writes, â€Å"It is a well-known fact that a considerable portion of Mr. Jefferson’s slaves were his own children.† When Thomas went to France as an ambassador he brought with him his daughter and his slave Sally. According to Sally’s son Madison during an interview for the Ohio newspaper in 1873, Sally was the maidservant for Jefferson’s daughter Polly. In 1789 Sally was just 16 when she became pregnant with her first son. By French law Sally had the choice to stay in France as a free woman, instead she chose to go back to the states with Jefferson. Sally agreed to go back with Jefferson under certain conditions. She was to be granted â€Å"extraordinary privileges†, and that her children be emancipated the day they reach the age of 21. Madison goes on to say that Sally had three more sons and one daughter to no other man but Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson was very devoted and hard working when it came down to politics. Jefferson sailed home to Monticello from France October 1789. President George Washington requested that Thomas Jefferson take the position as the first secretary state. Intrigued by the idea of separating governmental power into three branches Jefferson quickly obliged. With the constitutions lack of protection for individual rights and the concern of the governments overall power made Jefferson apprehensive about America’s government. Disagreements between treasurer Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson about the National Bank led to the having the Federalists led by Hamilton and the Democratic-Republicans led by Jefferson. Jefferson left office in 1796, because ne believed that President Washington favored Hamilton’s policies better. Thomas Jefferson won the presidential election of 1800, making him the 3rd president of the United States. â€Å"He used time to readjust his principles to terminate his goals that caused to denounce him as an untrustworthy demagogue.† Governing by his republican ideals of limited power in the federal government. Jefferson decreased the number of federal officials, and reduced the size of the army. Some accomplishments that Jefferson made as a president was he restored a republican government that â€Å"protected liberty, equality of opportunity, freedom of conscience, and consent of the governed.† Despite the rumors about his Jefferson’s personal life he never let that show in the workplace. Jefferson’s daughters by his late wife Martha denied the allegations that he could have fathered any of Sally Heming’s children. However people were still curious about if there was any truth to the rumors about his relationship with his slave Sally. An African-American lawyer named Brodie studied journals and letters from the summer of 1788, in which he found evidence of Jefferson’s attraction his young slave. This is the evidence that Brodie came across â€Å"his bursts of envious admiration for the patriarch Abraham in a painting of him and his concubine, Hagar, who was also his wife’s servant.† Centuries later thanks to advance science and technologies Eugene Foster, a retied pathologist, performed DNA testing. He collected blood samples from 14 men, both and white from men who claim to be decedents of Thomas Jefferson. Eugene Foster writes, à ¢â‚¬Å"The largely unchanging Y (male) chromosomes of Jefferson’s white decedents, almost precisely match those of descendents of Heming’s last son Eston. Who was born at Monticello in 1808.† Suprisengly the DNA didn’t match Sally’s first son Tom, who most people thought to be Jefferson’s son. Thomas Jefferson can be viewed as honorable and others can view him hypocritical. What’s most certain is that it is not so easy for people to trust the judgements of someone who contradicts himself. As a part of human nature it is normal to make mistakes. It is also typical for humans to accept that a person will make mistakes and at one point in life everyone will. . Most Americans believe that regardless of his personal behaviors Jefferson remains heroic for his work he accomplished. Although when you are someone like Thomas Jefferson who is a politician and a lawmaker, and perform actions that goes against your beliefs it could leave some doubt about your character and whether or not you believed in the principles you stress. Bibliography American Eras. Thomas Jefferson. Development of a Nation, 1783-1815. Vol. 4. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Research, 1997. Golden, Frederic. Annals Of Slavery.(DNA proves Jeffersons paternity of slaves children)(Brief Article). Time, November 1998. Harley, Sharon. The Timetables of African-American History. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Jefferson, Thomas. Declaration of Independence. July 1776. Kutler, Stanley I. Dictionary of American History. Declaration of Independence 1776. Vol. 10. New York: Charles Scribner Sons, 2003. Presidental Profile for Students. Thomas Jefferson. Prod. Presidental Profile for Students. Farmington hills, MI, 2000. Robert, Jhonston. The Making of America . Washington, D.C: National Geographic Society, 2002. Weisberger, Bernard A. Jeffersons mistress? (President Thomas Jeffersons alleged affair with slave Sally Hemings) . American Heritage, November 1997: 14. whooley, Owen. knowledge advocacy in the Sally Hemings controversy. Objectivity and its discontents, 86. Research Papers on Thomas Jefferson and Sally HemingsBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and CanadaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoWhere Wild and West MeetEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Abortion To Legalize or Not

Abortion To Legalize or Not Thesis The issue of abortion is controversial in numerous contexts. Even though it receives criticism from various groups, women should be allowed to decide on whether to abort or not. This should be a personal choice. This paper supports the issue of abortion based on research and critical scrutiny of the matter. However, other opposing arguments have been provided to defend why abortion should be prohibited.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Abortion: To Legalize or Not specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Women who have ever had unplanned pregnancy can testify why abortion should be legalized. Most people perceive fetus as a living human being. Hence, it is murderous to kill a fellow human being regardless of his or her age (Procon.org., 2012). Nonetheless, abortion should be legalized because it is every womans choice to have a child or not. Argument Some women conceive accidentally; however, it should be their choice whether to carry the pregnancy to term or not. People should be given chance to exercise their personal rights and make critical decisions that concerns life. As stated in the American Journal of Psychiatry, abortion is a medical procedure. In this context, physicians should respect the patients right to freedom of choice. Meaning that no matter the stance on the clinic, the public, or the government, it is every woman’s right to choose whether or not to give birth. External influences are not necessary in this context. This is a vital consideration. Women should not practice abortion just because they do not want to take responsibility for their actions. However, making abortion illegal will make people to raise children when they are not prepared to do so. Some women or parents are not ready to provide their children with all the love and development they deserve. The child will be raised in an unloving home and become a person who does not know how to love. Perhaps, such c hildren might develop unwanted behaviors or become criminals. Statistics indicate that most pregnancies are unintended. Pregnancy requires well-scrutinized considerations, preparation, as well as planning. Logically, why illegalize something that may help a person so much? Concurrently, children conceived out of rape or incest can be considered highly unwanted’. It is vital to establish, ratify, and embrace modest abortion reforms to have a significant effect on the matter. If the child is unwanted by the person who is supposed to love him or her the most, why would you force someone into this circumstance?Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More No one should endure the shame and humiliation of the traumatic event of rape or incest by bearing and rearing child who was the outcome of it (Procon.org., 2012). If a mother is denied an abortion due to its illegality, that mother then will be forced to go through the pregnancy, the labor, the birth, and the raising of an unwanted child. What a disgrace? Another reason why abortion should be legalized is that women still sneak to do it even if it has been illegalized. Consequently, some go to unspecialized health parctioners who do not do it perfectly and successfully. In fact, some women have died due to unsuccessful abortion attempts. Due to the illegality of abortion, some women or ladies resort to quacks who are barely specialized in executing abortion processes. Such deaths and health complications can be averted if only abortion is legalized (Ainsworth Hall, 2011). Additionally, it is improper to use contraceptives due to health complications they might create. Precisely, people should be allowed to abort if conditions demand so. The fact that abortion still occurs even when it has been illegalized should be a global concern. Governments should allow citizens to make their own choices regarding the matter. Another factor is that some minors (young girls) conceive while still studying. This occurs either at elementary school level, secondary, or college levels. Evidently, such students are not ready to be parents. They must first pursue their educational ambitions for a better future. However, it is obvious that once a young girl (who is still studying) is pregnant; her educational ambitions might be doomed. In fact, some end up dropping out of school. Hence, illegalizing abortion is a hindrance to â€Å"girl child† education. People must accept that mature ladies can conceive and become pregnant at any time provided they play an unprotected sex. This is a considerable provision when scrutinized critically. It is vital to understand the provisions of abortion before rendering it illegal. Notably, institutions and human rights lobby groups are always fighting against birth control and abortions. However, it is vital to ask whether the â€Å"morning after pill† is included in this controversy?Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Abortion: To Legalize or Not specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Is it because the concerned ladies do not know that they are pregnant yet, or is this the reckless and careless behavior of a female? No one talks about this point; however, it is believable that if you can recklessly have sex and then take a â€Å"morning after pill† the following day, why not make that the illegal form of â€Å"birth control† (Weitz, 2010).. Abortion should be legalized in order to formalize the entire process. Women should be at liberty to make choices on whether to carry a baby to term or not. After all, they are the ones who will be burdened by the entire pregnancy atrocities. Everybody needs a child and it is not anyone’s desire to kill; however, a situation might force. Another argument why abortion should be legalized regards the health condition s of some women. One might conceive; however, her health status might not allow her to carry the baby to term. Either, she can die or undergo an acute miscarriage. This might interfere with her life despite the need to carry the pregnancy for the expected 9 months. Just think of the deaths that would occur if abortions were illegalized. One would not only be killing the â€Å"child† but the mother also. Although the notion of women using contraceptives is a good one; however, not all women can afford contraceptives so often. So what happens when it comes to not being careless but being unable to afford the medical bill regarding maternity postnatal services? Another validation for abortion is that it gives parents the right not give birth to children with health defects such as Down syndrome and cystic fibrosis. Anyway, why should parents have a child with these conditions? No parent or child should be forced to go through that. This is a considerable provision in the context of pregnancy and birth control. Motherhood should never be a punishment. One should indulge in it when ready both psychologically and physically. Concurrently, abortion is usable as a population control method. If a person is not ready to have a child, both mentally and financially, having an unintended child can lead to numerous atrocities. These incorporate malnutrition, lack of proper medical attention, poor educational services, and starvation. Precisely, one cannot provide sufficiently for the concerned child.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Counter-thesis and counter-argument Abortion is illegal since it denies the fetus a chance to live. It is improper to legalize abortion as demanded previously. This is a transgression of the highest order. In fact, it is not only a crime but a murder also. It is advisable to carry pregnancy to term so as to bring forth a new life. Additionally, abortion might kill the mother if not well executed. Hence, why should someone risk aborting a child in order to die in return? In fact, one should not engage in unprotected sex to get pregnant and abort in return. This is a considerable provision in various contexts. It is vital to agree that rearing unwanted children might be humiliating; nonetheless, it is improper to abort a life. This is not only malicious but criminal in nature. Precisely, abortion should be illegalized in various contexts. Religious views such as the 6th commandment of the Old Testament (Thou shall not kill), plays a critical part in the views of pro-life representativ es. There are also thousands of deaths that stem from unsafe abortions that happen yearly as mentioned earlier. Abortion should be illegalized while women should be urged to use contraceptives as the recommended birth control measure. Additionally, statistics has it that about 10% of the 1.6 million women experience cruel emotional ordeal after aborting (Cung, 2012). This is due to the fact that abortion causes various health complications to the concerned mothers. For instance, it is possible to experience damaged cervix, pierced uterus, hemorrhage, as well as other acute infections associated with the process. Some mothers cannot even give birth again in the future. Another concern is that a baby can survive an abortion and this might be devastating to the mother. Concurrently, the baby might develop some deformities due to the attempted murder. Such incidences are difficult to handle. In fact, there would not be the thousands of maternal deaths every year if abortions were legal and women were not afraid to get a safe and healthy abortion. It is arguable whether those who abort should receive the same penalty that they give the baby (killing innocent beings). Abortion can also lead to the killing of future leaders. For instance, who knows what the aborted child would have been in case he or she was given a chance to live? Response to counter-thesis Agreeably, all arguments supporting the illegalization of abortion are obsolete and doomed. For example, there are modernized health facilities that can be used to carry out the entire process. This thwarts the fact that abortion can cause severe health complications. The most important thing is that abortion should be practiced in designated health facilities upon legalization. The whole process can be done safely minus risking the mother’s life (Durand, 2009). Additionally, illegalizing abortion will not avert the vice absolutely. In fact, some women will slither to do it illegally, which is even worse. This is a considerable provision in various contexts. It is vital to agree that rearing unwanted children might be humiliating; nonetheless, it is improper to abort a life. References Ainsworth, S. Hall, T. (2011). Abortion politics in congress: Strategic incrementalism and policy change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cung, J. (2012). Abortion: Why it should be Illegal. Retrieved from https://essayforum.com/writing/abortion-illegal-9359/ Durand, J. (2009). The abortion: Before I formed you, I knew you. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. ProCon.org. (2012). Abortion. Retrieved from https://abortion.procon.org/ Weitz, T. (2010). Rethinking the Mantra that Abortion Should be Safe, Legal and Rare. Journal of Women’s History.161(1), 172,236.

Definition and Examples of Pathos in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Pathos in Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, pathos is the means of persuasion that appeals to the emotions of an audience. Adjective: pathetic. Also called  pathetic proof and emotional argument.The most effective way to deliver a pathetic appeal, says W.J. Brandt, is to lower the level of abstraction of ones discourse. Feeling originates in experience, and the more concrete writing is, the more feeling is implicit in it (The Rhetoric of Argumentation). Pathos is one of the three kinds of artistic proof in Aristotles rhetorical theory. Etymology: From the Greek, experience, suffer Pronunciation: PAY-thos Examples and Observations Of the three appeals of logos, ethos, and pathos, it is the [last] that impels an audience to act. Emotions range from mild to intense; some, such as well-being, are gentle attitudes and outlooks, while others, such as sudden fury, are so intense that they overwhelm rational thought. Images are particularly effective in arousing emotions, whether those images are visual and direct as sensations, or cognitive and indirect as memory or imagination, and part of a rhetors task is to associate the subject with such images.(L. D. Greene, Pathos. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press, 2001)Most twenty-first-century direct mail solicitations for environmental groups invoke the pathetic appeal. The pathos exists in the emotional appeals to the receivers sense of compassion (for the dying animal species, deforestation, the shrinking of glaciers, and so on).(Stuart C. Brown and L.A. Coutant, Do the Right Thing. Renewing Rhetorics Relation to Composition, ed. by Shane Borrowman et al . Routledge, 2009) Cicero on the Power of Pathos[E]veryone must acknowledge that of all the resources of an orator far the greatest is his ability to inflame the minds of his hearers and to turn them in whatever direction the case demands. If the orator lacks that ability, he lacks the one thing most essential.(Cicero, Brutus 80.279, 46 B.C.)Quintilian on the Power of Pathos[T]he man who can carry the judge with him, and put him in whatever frame of mind he wishes, whose words move men to tears or anger, has always been a rare creature. Yet this is what dominates the courts, this is the eloquence that reigns supreme. . . . [W]here force has to be brought to bear on the judges feelings and their minds distracted from the truth, there the orators true work begins.(Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, c. 95 A.D.)Augustine on the Power of PathosJust as the listener is to be delighted if he is to be retained as a listener, so also he is to be persuaded if he is to be moved to act. And just as he is delighted if you speak sweetly, so is he persuaded if he loves what you promise, fears what you threaten, hates what you condemn, embraces what you commend, sorrows at what you maintain to be sorrowful; rejoices when you announce something delightful, takes pity on those whom you place before him in speaking as being pitiful, flees those whom you, moving fear, warn are to be avoided; and is moved by whatever else may be done through grand eloquence toward moving the minds of listeners, not that they may know what is to be done, but that they may do what they already know should be done.(Augustine of Hippo, Book Four of On Christian Doctrine, 426) Playing on the Emotions[I]t is perilous to announce to an audience that we are going to play on the emotions. As soon as we appraise an audience of such an intention, we jeopardize, if we do not entirely destroy, the effectiveness of the emotional appeal. It is not so with appeals to the understanding.(Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors, Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 1999)All About the Children- It has become a verbal tic for politicians to say that everything they do is about the children. This rhetoric of pathos reflects the de-intellectualization of public life- the substitution of sentimentalism for reasoned persuasion. Bill Clinton carried this to comic lengths when, in his first State of the Union address, he noted that not a single Russian missile is pointed at the children of America.Those children-seeking missiles were diabolical.(George Will, Sleepwalking Toward DD-Day. Newsweek, October 1, 2007)- A brilliant young woman I know was asked once to support her argument in favor of social welfare. She named the most powerful source imaginable: the look in a mothers face when she cannot feed her children. Can you look that hungry child in the eyes? See the blood on his feet from working barefoot in the cotton fields. Or do you ask his baby sister with her belly swollen from hunger if she cares about her daddys work ethics?(Nate Parker as Henry Lowe in The Great Debaters, 2007) Stirred, Not ShakenHillary Clinton used a moment of brilliantly staged emotion to win the New Hampshire Democratic primary . . .. As she answered questions in a diner on the morning before the election, Mrs. Clintons voice began to waver and crack when she said: Its not easy. . . . This is very personal for me.Emotions can be an electoral trump card, especially if one can show them as Mrs. Clinton did, without tears. The key is to appear stirred without appearing weak.(Christopher Caldwell, Politics of the Personal. Financial Times, January 12, 2008)Winston Churchill: Never give in[T]his is the lesson: Never give in. Never give in. Never, never, never, never- in nothing, great or small, large or petty- never give in, except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force. Never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy. We stood all alone a year ago, and to many countries, it seemed that our account was closed, we were finished. All this tradition of ours, our songs, our School history, this part of the history of this country, were gone and finished and liquidated. Very different is the mood today. Britain, other nations thought, had drawn a sponge across her slate. But instead, our country stood in the gap. There was no flinching and no thought of giving in; and by what seemed almost a miracle to those outside these Islands, though we ourselves never doubted it, we now find ourselves in a position where I say that we can be sure that we have only to persevere to conquer.(Winston Churchill, To the Boys of Harrow School, October 29, 1941) Artful Persuasion: A Pathetic ParodyDuring the 1890s, the following genuine letter from a homesick schoolboy was reprinted in several magazines. A century later, British journalist Jeremy Paxman quoted it in his book  The English: A Portrait of a People, where he observed that the letter is so perfect in its depictions of the horrors and so cunning in its attempts to extract sympathy before the appeal for cash that it reads like a parody.One suspects that it  reads  like a parody because thats exactly what it is.My  Dear Ma- I wright to tell you I am very retched and my chilblains is worse again. I have not made any progress and do not think I shall. I am very sorry to be such an expence, but I do not think this schule is any good. One of the fellows has taken the crown of my best hat for a target, he has now borrowed my watch to make a water wheal with the works, but it wont act. Me and him have tried to put the works back, but we think some wheels are missing, as they wont fit. I hope Matildas cold is better. I am glad she is not at schule I think I have got consumption, the boys at this place are not gentlemanly, but of course you did not know this when you sent me here, I will try not to get bad habits. The trousers have worn out at the knees. I think the tailor must have cheated you, the buttons have come off and they are loose behind. I dont think the food is good, but I should not mind if I was stronger. The piece of meat I send you is off the beef we had on Sunday, but on other days it is more stringy. There are black beadles in the kitchen and sometimes they cook them in the dinner, which cant be wholesome when you are not strong.Dear Ma, I hope you and Pa are well and do not mind my being so uncomfortable because I do not think I shall last long. Please send me some more money as io 8d. If you cannot spare it I think I can borrow it of a boy who is going to leave at the half quarter and then he wont ask for it back again, but perhaps you wd. n ot like to be under an obligation to his parents as they are tradespeople. I think you deal at their shop. I did not mention it or I dare say they wd. have put it down in the bill.- Yr. loving but retched son(Switchmens Journal, December 1893;  The Travelers Record, March 1894;  The Collector, October 1897) An instructors first impulse might be to assign this letter as an editing exercise and be done with it. But lets consider some of the richer pedagogical opportunities here.For one thing, the letter is a smart example of pathos, one of the three categories of artistic proof discussed in Aristotles  Rhetoric. Likewise, this homesick schoolboy has masterfully executed two of the more popular logical fallacies: ad misericordiam  (an argument based on an exaggerated appeal to pity) and the appeal to force  (a fallacy that relies on scare tactics to persuade an audience to take a particular course of action). In addition, the letter aptly illustrates the effective use of kairos- a classical term for saying the appropriate thing at the appropriate time.Soon Ill be asking my students to update the letter, retaining the same persuasive strategies while freshening the litany of horrors.(Grammar Composition Blog, August 28, 2012) The Lighter Side of Pathos: Pathetic Appeals in Monty Python Restaurant Manager: I want to apologize, humbly, deeply, and sincerely about the fork.Man: Oh please, its only a tiny bit. . . . I couldnt see it.Manager: Ah, youre good kind fine people for saying that, but I can see it. To me its like a mountain, a vast bowl of pus.Man: Its not as bad as that.Manager: It gets me here. I cant give you any excuses for itthere are no excuses. Ive been meaning to spend more time in the restaurant recently, but I havent been too well. . . . (emotionally) Things arent going very well back there. The poor cooks son has been put away again, and poor old Mrs. Dalrymple who does the washing up can hardly move her poor fingers, and then theres Gilbertos war woundbut theyre good people, and theyre kind people, and together we were beginning to get over this dark patch. . . . There was light at the end of the tunnel. . . . Now, this. Now, this.Man: Can I get you some water?Manager (in tears): Its the end of the road!(Eric Idle and Graham Chapman, episode three of Monty Pythons Flying Circus, 1969)

German History Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

German History - Coursework Example Money plays major roles in Lessing’s Nathan. A case in point is evident in the line, â€Å"As often happens, money is at ebb,† which is a statement made by Hafi. This in simple terms means money is on the move. Hafi meant that money is needed to facilitate any form of movement and that the lives of people are determined by the amount of money that they have or they are willing to give in return for a service rendered (Lessing, 02-11). Sittah says that â€Å"Shall earn a thousand dinars to an asper.† This statement relates to the fact that money is a motivation to work and Sittah is ready to work hard so as to earn enough income for his survival. According to Nathan, money can be used traded to gain interest thus increasing its value and amount. He confirms this by saying telling Hafi that,â€Å"Till my capital becomes. All interest.† 3. In Kleist’s novella â€Å"Kohlhaas,† the protagonist is seeking justice. But how does his wife try to get involved, and what is the outcome for her? Is Kohlhaas a cruel man? How is he projected as a father? And how is he viewed in public well before his execution? 15 pts. Upon trying to intervene in the search for justice for her husband, Kohlhaas wife is struck down by a guard in her attempt to deliver a petition notice to the Elector of Saxony. She later dies as a result of the injuries sustained during the assault. Michael Kohlhaas has been portrayed as very cruel man who resorts into carrying out an armed uprising which seem to be beyond the injustice he had experienced as a result of the seizure of a few of his horses. Contrary to his cruelty, he is portrayed as a very good family man and a father who is very calm in his interaction with his children. Before his execution, some members of the public viewed him as a savior and their liberator (Kleist, 112-115). They considered him as one advocating

Birth Control Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Birth Control - Assignment Example Firstly, the world population is increasingly growing faster and even if one cannot feel the effects of earth’s growing population, many other nations are lacking basic needs and loosing resources. Therefore, philosophers and scientists argue that birth control can act significantly in slowing down the rate of population growth in the world and also prevent the increasing rate of deaths of infants. For instance, less than 5% people in many nations in Africa use the contraceptives; thus this increases the possibility of over population in the world. If the percentage of people using contraceptives was much higher and people could be aware of the advantages of using the controls it could assist everyone in the planet in terms of resources and basic needs. Therefore, there is need to help everyone understand the advantage of reducing or controlling population to help people have balanced resources and be able to get their basic needs.Secondly, people argue that it is reasonable a ccepting birth control to be a moral matter and also more of ethics. It can be immoral preventing conception but also it is not ethical to willingly permit ourselves causing unwanted pregnancies that may lead to more destitution. Some ladies tend to get unwanted pregnancies and make the infant suffer as they do not have income or resources to support the child. As a result many children are raised in such conditions whereby they were born unplanned and become miserable as their parents or mothers cannot afford raising them and providing all their basic needs.

Human Resource Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Human Resource Planning - Assignment Example Restlessness in the sense that human capital has become more aware of their freedoms and rights and is not ready to settle for any thing less than justice for services rendered. This has placed new challenges to organizations plans on human resource and necessitated more research in the area so as to offer fresh solutions for the emerging challenges. It can be argued that the realization of any organizational plans depends on the kind of human resource in the organization. Poor human resource planning has led to organizations having a work force which can not deliver often making organizations spend so much in remunerations at the expense of profits. This has led to the closure of companies which causes a myriad of other related problems such as loss of jobs and revenues to governments. Just how important and relevant is human resource planning important for organizations Does human resource planning affect the performance of an organization Does proper human resource planning contribute to the success of organizational planning process Is human resource planning a prerequisite for organizational planning The purpose of this study is to evaluate the importance of human resource planning in organizational planning process. The study will seek to find out how lack of human resource planning can affect organizations. It will further seek to establish bottlenecks in human resource planning. Human capital... iii) To identify challenges faced in human resource planning. iv) To establish the contributions of human resource planning to organizationalplanning process. Research question. What is the importance of human resource planning in organizational planning process Significance of the study.Human capital is the most treasured asset of any organization. It interlinks all departments while ensuring coherence and oneness of purpose therefore contributing to an organizational failure or success. As the adage goes failing to plan to is planning to fail therefore there is no alternative to this issue, organizations must properly plan their human resource. Of signifance to this study are governments, private institutions and virtually every organization which is interested in improving its processes The study will become a vehicle for organizational planners who will be able to appreciate the role of human resource planning. To the planers, the study will provide a framework which will act as a guide in the implementation of changes. This is of significance since it is not uncommon for organizations to rush in to recruitment of staff without a prior evaluation of the organizations needs. The following assumptions will guide the study. i) Human resource managers will be cooperative and provide reliable responses. ii) There exists a gap in the knowledge of the importance of the human resource planning in organizational planning process. iii) There are possibilities for raising the level of awareness in organizations for the role played by human resource planning. Delimitations. The proposed study will confine itself to interviewing human resource managers

Research proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Research Proposal Example The main reason for conducting this research proposal is to find out the importance of outdoor activities in Kamloops. There have been a growing number of recreational facilities over the last ten years in Kamloops. Bilton (14) also argue that most of these recreational centers are utilized during summer time. This proposal will seek out to find information pertaining to the reason why many people prefer visiting outdoor activities during summer time. Many researchers argue that most people in the British Columbia, Canada prefer going for outdoor activities in their home country rather than foreign countries (Bilton 14). What main reasons could be attributed to this preference? The deep engagement of this question and others will establish the reasons why native outdoor recreation facilities are preferred. From the government’s point of view, outdoor activities help them in earning revenue that they use to provide goods and services to the nationals. However, questions have been arising, whether they are undertaking the necessary steps to control and promote these recreational facilities. External markets also exist and they seek to attract as many customers as possible, regardless of their localities. Therefore, the role of the government in this exercise should also be established. What do the residents of Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada, as well as the state stand to gain from these outdoor exercises? The examination of the accruing benefits is virtually important. Establishing the benefits may also give a glimpse on what to expect in terms of sales and customers. For effective implementation of these activities, positive effects should outweigh the negative effects (Pender et al. 35). On establishing the various significances that relate to outward exercises, various stakeholders can now take the necessary steps and measures to boldly expand their activities and improve on

Contemporary Issues in Accounting and Finance Essay - 1

Contemporary Issues in Accounting and Finance - Essay Example They consider all this to create an enabling environment that favors their objectives (Jaiswal, 2013). The Standards of the Auditors Ready Ratios (2013) asserts that in the 21st century the European Union came up with an outline of how the auditors should conduct themselves. The outline consisted of the law that stated and guaranteed matters concerning the freedom of the assessors of the law (Kumar & Sharma, 2006, p.134). This was similar to the laws that govern the accountants. It is said that the accountants were given their laws that govern their operations. They were given by the internal profession of the accountants (Knapp, 2010, p.204). In order to promote the equality in the people and all the other professions the European Union issued a framework that was to govern the legal analyst (auditors) and ensure that they were in line with their operation, expectations and their rights. Even though, this did not concur with some stipulations from the international federation of acc ountants. This is because the accountants were entitled to some fundamental freedom and rights that ought not to be compromised. And each accountant had an obligation of independence and doing the right thing. The directives the European Union gave, differed with the directives the international ethics for accountancy (Buijink et al., 1996, p.66). According to Sharma (2012, p.14), the differences were seen and they did expect the law auditors to operate within their stipulations. In giving their outline, the union for accountants had in mind the idea of public interest. They were interested in the good of the people. But in essence the European Union found the laws quite strict for the auditors to withstand (Puttick et al., 2008, p.56). So it was a two way drive. If the law analyst happens to execute their duties within the provisions of the international accountants, the result will be a stronger system in the operation. This is because there were quite stricter provisions. And if they do there duties in the boundaries of the stipulations of the European Union, they will be bound to some freedom (Basu, 2010, p.134). Discussion According to Greene (2005, p.11), a debate about the freedom of the person when conducting and assessing the legal issues forms the basis of the story. It is from this that the general theme of the work is, â€Å"the obligation of auditing†. This discussion is majorly rotating about this question. The title about the auditor being independent comes out from the following discussion (Morris et al., 2009, p.309). Some of the good principals are now in place and should be in mind of the any auditor or accounting profession. Whenever the auditing is to happen, the outstanding statute is the objective of the auditor. In order to show the public, the people moderating and using the audit opinions in particular, the auditor is supposed to be independent. Before entering an agreement with the client; the auditor should ensure a peaceful environment and his independence (Volosin, 2008, p.14). According to Gupta (2004, .1247), the European Union argues that, by defining the key audit partner, it does not

Research proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Research Proposal Example The main reason for conducting this research proposal is to find out the importance of outdoor activities in Kamloops. There have been a growing number of recreational facilities over the last ten years in Kamloops. Bilton (14) also argue that most of these recreational centers are utilized during summer time. This proposal will seek out to find information pertaining to the reason why many people prefer visiting outdoor activities during summer time. Many researchers argue that most people in the British Columbia, Canada prefer going for outdoor activities in their home country rather than foreign countries (Bilton 14). What main reasons could be attributed to this preference? The deep engagement of this question and others will establish the reasons why native outdoor recreation facilities are preferred. From the government’s point of view, outdoor activities help them in earning revenue that they use to provide goods and services to the nationals. However, questions have been arising, whether they are undertaking the necessary steps to control and promote these recreational facilities. External markets also exist and they seek to attract as many customers as possible, regardless of their localities. Therefore, the role of the government in this exercise should also be established. What do the residents of Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada, as well as the state stand to gain from these outdoor exercises? The examination of the accruing benefits is virtually important. Establishing the benefits may also give a glimpse on what to expect in terms of sales and customers. For effective implementation of these activities, positive effects should outweigh the negative effects (Pender et al. 35). On establishing the various significances that relate to outward exercises, various stakeholders can now take the necessary steps and measures to boldly expand their activities and improve on

Policy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policy Paper - Essay Example People can be born with deformities in their physical appearance or have some of their faculties diminished or missing. Features of such disabilities are deafness, blindness, missing and deformed limbs and diminished mental ability. Accidents also contribute immensely in disabling people especially work place accidents where accidents are caused in the use of machinery and equipment. Whatever the cause of disability, the different conditions that people find themselves in predispose them to discrimination in the workplace. This led to the need for a way to protect these people’s rights in society and in the workplace. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is seen as the first major legislation that addressed the needs and rights of people with disabilities in its Title VII article. The articles of Title VII address the plight of all people in the employment sector, and it emphasizes the need for equal treatment of persons with disabilities. This act led to the formulation of other laws and institutions that safeguard the rights of individuals in the employment sector. ... The law requires that employers provide appropriate and reasonable accommodation to a job applicant with disability as long as doing so does not cause significant expense or difficulty to the employer. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act forbids discrimination of job applicants in all aspects of employment that includes firing, hiring, job assignment and other conditions and terms of employment. The law makes it illegal to harass a job applicant because he/she has a disability or has relations with a disabled individual. Harassment does not entail physical abuse, but also offensive remarks that are severe leading to a hostile work environment. When verbal harassment results, in adverse employment decisions, it disposes the harasser to prosecution under the law (Rothstein and Liebman 56). The requirement by law that employers provide reasonable accommodation to disabled job applicants entails changing the work environment to enable the disabled individual competently carry out their dut ies. These accommodations include building access ramps for wheel chairs and providing interpreting equipment for those with sight and hearing disabilities. This provision in law also provides protection for employers in the sense that the employer is not forced to incur huge expenses while providing these accommodations.This falls under the undue hardship provision that states that an employer does not have to provide accommodation to a disabled job applicant if doing so would cause undue hardship to the employer (Rothstein and Liebman 34). Undue hardship occurs if providing these accommodations proves to be too expensive or difficult in light of the employer’s size, the needs of the business and their financial resources. The

Macbeth What are the roles of the witches Essay Example for Free

Macbeth What are the roles of the witches Essay Banquo himself appears at the end of the line with a mirror, thus implying an infinite number of descendants. Stupefied, Macbeth cannot believe his eyes and is angered to realize that despite all of his work, he wears a fruitless crown. The witches disappear and Lennox enters the haunt. He informs Macbeth that Macduff has run off to England. Macbeth decides that he must act out all of his thoughts and impulses. He determines to kill Macduffs wife and children as his first step of revenge. Double, double, toil and trouble; Fire burn, and cauldron bubble. These lines are two of the most famous in all of Shakespeares works. Interestingly, the chants of the Weird Sisters are not written in Shakespeares primary meter, iambic pentameter, but in a rapid meter called trochaic tetrameter. Most of Shakespeares enchanted verse is written in trochaic tetrameter. As the chanting went on with the sisters more gruesome things got thrown into the cauldron. The ingredients start fairly small and gradually get bigger and harder to find. It starts off with the witches throwing poisoned entrails in and ends up with them throwing a gut of a starving shark or a dragon scale. The witches know something evil is on its way to knock at there door. The second witch say: By the pricking of my thumbs, something wicked this way comes, Open locks, whoever knocks And guess who it is Macbeth. The witches made this evil potion because they knew that something evil was on its way. Its like they were expecting Macbeth to come and they seem quite excited about it as well. When the consequences of the murders of Duncan and Banquo are too much for him to handle, his primal instinct is to go back to the witches. They are now his only hope. It is an admission that he cannot control things any longer and from this point on in the play we just know he is going to die. He returns to the witches because they are his last straw. They are now his only hope. He has been hit by what the consequences could be for murdering Duncan and Banquo. He has gone back to seek advice and help from the witches. He doesnt know what to do next with his life. His life has been destroyed by evil and ambition combined. Macbeth again tries to control the witches he is commanding them to answer his questions: How now you secret, black and midnight hags! What ist you do? Tell me, thou unknown power He is trying to control them he tries to question them and overpower them. In the end the witches disappear because they dont like being commanded by anyone. Macbeth must be scared and confused in which the way the witches talk to him he asks them question and they give confusing and mysterious answers like: A deed without a name The three apparitions in Macbeth show: The first is an armed head, summoned to warn Macbeth that Macduff is coming back to Scotland to ruin him. The second apparition is a bloody child and it tells Macbeth that no man born of a woman can do him harm. This gives Macbeth great confidence: Then live Macduff: what need I fear of thee? . The third apparition is that of a child wearing a crown and holding a tree. It declares: Macbeth shall never vanquishd be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill Shall come against him. Macbeth is secure that the third apparitions prophecy will never be, for who can impress the forest? or bid the tree unfix his earth-bound roots? Macbeth is misled by these apparitions he gets cocky and things no harm will come to him because he thinks that no one woman can live and that the Forrest cant move the only one that he is scared about is the third one where he is told that Banquos kids will be kings. There was no need to kill Mcduffs family Macbeth just got cocky. Macbeth thought he owned the world when he got told no woman born could harm him. At the beginning of the play Macbeth got compared to a brave and noble man, but at the end he is described as a butcher because he just killed living things for no purpose. He done it out of pure evil it werent even his family that he killed he killed his castle and everybody in it even his animals. In conclusion to this I think that by using the roles of the witches give off a nightmarish and evilness into the play. The witches were horrible characters. They just destroyed Macbeths life. I dont think that Macbeth was in charge of his own life. I think that Macbeths destiny lay in the hands of the witches from the beginning of the play to the end of the play. So overall I think the witches did give off an evil sense. Paul Carew 10B English Mr Lynn Page 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Gender Affecting The Choice Of Taboo Words English Language Essay

Gender Affecting The Choice Of Taboo Words English Language Essay This paper is aimed to discuss further on the gender that affecting the choice of taboo words. I will focus on the sexual related word FUCK. Through this study, it is able to explain in sociolinguistics view. why there is less frequency of female apply the word FUCK in daily life. In addition, the observation through the usage of this word by Hong Kong native-born, it is a goal to reflect how society conceptions or interpretations on two sexes. Background In Hong Kong, the popular of using foul words is enhancing within ten years. Affected by Western culture, the English foul words like FUCK is gradually existed in Hong Kong. Yet, from writers experience, the use of FUCK word in daily life is male more than female. Thus, through the research we can see how the society values influence the communication process. The target people being observed is the Hong Kong native-born, whose values are the most representing the local interpretations on genders. Taboo language existed a very long time and there are some studies focused on the taboo field. K. Allen (2006) pointed out that there is no an absolute taboo word, the taboo refers to a behavior of a community in the particular situations and contexts. However, when the taboo words related to gender, like the sexual behaviors, tabooed bodily, sexual activities are become taboo language. Viewing on the sociolinguistic approach, this approach stated that there are relationship between use of linguistic in systematic way and social value. Statement Viewing the 20s of Hong Kong native-born, how the gender affecting the frequency of the word FUCK using in daily life. The possible respondents are the young adults in both genders within the age 20 to 29 distributed by educational level. Proposition From writers experience, young adults are commonly used this language then the elderly. In Hong Kong this modern city, the view of native-born citizen towards sex is still conservative. Thus, native-born people still carry a negative perception on the word FUCK. From the traditional view, patriarchy empowered the status of men and the view of sex and women speak behavior are followed the mens impression. This implied that women using the taboo language are an impolite and unsuited behavior of a lady. Until now, it is thought that Hong Kong native-born women are still influence by this custom. Bibliography review From the research of B. Murphy (2010) on examining taboo language across the age group, it is obvious to see the word FUCK is the most common sexual taboo word. The high frequency of this word is because FUCK is a transitive verb and carries multiple functions, including expressing emotional meaning, referential function and intensifier. (R. Wajnryb, 2004). Some theorists like Julian Burnside illustrated that our society judged this human action and sex is the illegal part of human existence thus FUCK is the impolite use of word. In my research, sexual words are taboo in Chinese traditional ideas. Thus, FUCK as a popular word in foul language. It is an important keyword to raise the way on society views on both genders. According the similar study by B. Murphy (2010) on the use of FUCK among different age groups, the young women aged 20s are concluded as the group freely to come across the ethical overtone and frequently apply profane phrases in daily life. Thus, I targeted my research to the young adults between 20s. Many previous studies showed that the communication way between men and women are different. Such as A.Peer (2005) mentioned, the stereotyped beliefs on the speech style of genders are based on the social status of men and women in society. Goddard and Patterson (2000) invented the word folklinguistics to define the talking behaviors of men and women. The women usually less swear than men. Some popular phrases like lady doesnt swear and man never cry reflected the expectation of the men and women act in various ways. I believe the society shared viewpoint is one the largest factors affecting the communication behavior towards genders. I think these theories also applied to Hong Kong. Methodology This paper is a qualitative research. Thus, the data collected for looking the patterns and the comparing to the theories. It is chose to use participant-observation as a tool to enter the group and have an informal interview to the target age group. I would be standing as the outside observer and play the active role to raise questions in the targeted group. Sources of data collection The data mainly gathered from three ways, organizing the collective discussions in face to face with target groups and the informal interviews. While face to face discussions can be viewed as gathering the spoken discourse, interviews ensure the quality of data got is valuable. Data from discussion is used to analyze the characteristics of both sexes in communication behaviors. Through the word FUCK, these interact behaviors can be reflected as the hidden attitudes on genders. On the other hand, the informal interview is a qualitative way to view the perceptions of these communication behaviors. Strength and weakness of data collection methods Collective Discussions (Focus group) facilitate researcher to gather various views on a topic because the sexual related word is a comparatively sensitive in Hong Kong. The dual moderator focus group is the effective way to observe the reactions of target participants. The designed questions stimulate the talk and interactions under defined topic in the groups. The speeches and experiences from participants can encourage the others to response and voice out their feelings on genders. This is a more objective view to observe the sentence structure and patterns difference within gender comparing to interviews. However, the ideas picked are only from the focus group. The data may not represent the views of all the people in age 20s. Moreover, the discussion involves more than ten people and the comments from participants would be persuasive and affect the others thought. Then, react of group members may not behave in a natural way and the data collected may not be accurate. Hence, organize few focus groups with different participants among twenties is the way to higher the accuracy of data collected. Informal interview (Semi-structured interview) is another way to collect the useful data and replenish the weakness from focus group. Interviewees are more willing to share their personal experience. The interviewer can adjust the questions in a flexible way according to the responses. The questions about genders and sex can be even more specific and sensitive. Although informal interview may involve the subjective view both in the questions and responses, it is a way to understand how the social value affects the choice of word in taboo language. In addition, this method ensures the quality of the data collected that is related to the topic and valuable. Instructions of data collection All the compulsory questions drafted should be asked in both collective discussions and semi-structured interviews. The optional questions are free to ask after finishing compulsory questions. The focus group will be organized in twelve people among the age of twenties and they should be all native-born in Hong Kong. As the groups will be formed three times, the numbers of participants will be altogether thirty-six people. The group should include all ages of twenties, at least one person in each target age. Every time the numbers of men and women are the same. The informal interview will be organized in face to face and on phone. The total numbers of interviewees are sixty. The interviewer should try to avoid using imperative questions for example; dont you think women swear less than men? The opened-ended questions are encouraged to ask if the interviewees are willing to answer. List of probable sources of evidence to be investigated List of questions asked of respondents Analysis Data analysis methods Case study analysis plan Expected outcomes and discussion

substance and economics :: essays research papers

SUBSTANCE AND ECONOMICS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culture is a learned reaction, this human survival trait gives us a way to colonize and adapt to our environment. With out this key element, adaptation becomes complicated, and our species will die off. Archeologist have dug and scraped away the dirt, rocks and mud to bring us a glimpse of the past. Their fieldwork has shown us how we, as a whole, have biologically adapted to suit our modern needs in the environment that our ancestors have lived in. In addition, they also tell us how we have changed the natural environment as the population has increased in size. This brings us to substance and economics, a basic foundation in which a culture can survive. The definition of economics is reacting to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. For the definition of substance I have found two that compliment this cross-cultural comparison. One is ?material possessions, wealth, and property?. The second definition is ?that which gives stability or solidarity, confidence, and ground.? These definitions are not only evident in today?s modern social infrastructures but also evident in cultures of the past and the social order in other countries. We have come to understand that there are four ways to sustain a community that our evolution process has brought us to. These ways are hunting and gathering, fishing and gardening, herding, and agriculture. The longest known survival method is hunting and gathering. This course of action was a main part of the old stone culture known as the Paleolithic period when hominids walked the land. They would gather berries, seeds, wild fruits, vegetables and even hunted wild game in the area. This type of practice is still used today in Africa and other parts of the world. Similarly, the Yiwara, who inhabit the heart of the Gibson Desert, have a lifestyle adapted to this arid environment. In the desert, there is no regular seasonal pattern of food-collecting, because there are no predictable seasons when plants can be expected to ripen. Thus, opportunistic movement towards rainfall and known water catchments spots also known as billabongs characterizes the subsistence of the Yiwara. Large game constitutes only a small part of the Yiwara diet, which is largely vegetarian. Lizards, rabbits provide most of the protein and are collected by everyone. Even these small animals are divided and shared among kin. Individual portions may be barely a mouthful, but nothing is wasted.

Neuropathology and Etiology of Alzheimer’s disease

Scientists have not yet fully come to full grips with the real causes of Alzheimer’s disease, however, one clear aspect of the development of this disease arise from a very complex chain of activities taking place in the brain over a long period of lifetime. It has been argued that genetic, environmental and even lifestyle factors have contributed to major causes of this disease. Risk and protective factors may include genetic, medical, biological, environmental, dietary, social and cultural aspects (Draper, 2004).In genetic aspect, APOE E2 is rare and creates protection against Alzheimer’s disease and in case it does occur in much later years than in people with APOE E3 and APOE E4. APOE E3 forms the most common Allele and is assumed to perform a neutral role in Alzheimer’s disease. This means it neither stimulates nor increases reactions that would lead to the development of Alzheimer’s. The APOE E4 occurs in the most common and occurs in approximately 4 0% in those who suffer from late onset Alzheimer’s disease. It is therefore common that people with APOE E4 are more likely to suffer from Alzheimer’s disease (Kuhn & Verity, 2007).It is infact known as the risk factor gene in that it increases one’s level of risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Early – onset Alzheimer’s disease, affecting few people is as a result of chromosome different gene mutations on specific chromosomes (Martinison&Musaswes, 1993). These include chromosome 21, 14 and chromosome 1 and all these produces abnormal proteins. Permanent changes in chromosome 21 lead to the creation of APP (Abnormal Amyloid Precursor Protein) while the same process in chromosome 14 leads to the formation of abnormal presenilin and mutation in chromosome 1 lead to creation of abnormal presenilin.Inheritance of even one of these genes from both or one parent is most likely to develop early onset Alzheimer’s disease. This kind of inhe ritance pattern is referred to as â€Å"abnormal dominant inheritance†. Another possible risk towards the development of Alzheimer’s disease is SOR1 (Roudier et al, 1991). This gene is solely responsible for the transportation of APP (Abnormal Amyloid Precursor Protein) within the cells and was discovered to be connected to Alzheimer’s disease. While it is present in low levels, beta amyloid levels increase and may have a negative effect on neurons (Ramanathan, 1997).The difference in genetic make up from one person to another either delays or completely prevents the onset of Alzheimer’s disease, also known as Familial Alzheimer’s disease. It is mainly inherited from parents and is caused by mutations in three genes. (APOE E2, APOE E3, APOE E4). There is a 50-50 chance of an offspring developing early onset Alzheimer’s diseases if one of the parents had it, averagely at the age of 30-60. As many as 5. 3 million Americans are living with Alzh eimer’s disease.It is know to destroy brain cells and hence cause problems with behavior, thinking and memory severely enough to affect work, lifelong hobbies or social infract It has been graded the sixth-leading cause of death in the United States (Mace & Rabins, 2007). There is no known cure to Alzheimer’s disease yet but an attempt to control it is going on. Scientists and researchers have come up with brain implants aimed to controlling it. These implants contain proteins called Nerve Growth Factors (NGF) which directly delivered to brain nerve cells, which in turn stimulates their growth and thus reduces the chances of their degeneration.Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is responsible for controlling cell regeneration in the entire body but it is denied entry into the brain, this makes brain cells lack ability to self-regenerate (Taylor, 2006). Alzheimer’s’ disease has no cure however and irreversible. It is as a result of progressive brain damage characte rized by the building up of amyloid plagues and neurofibrillary tangles, lack of connection in the brain cells and the eventual death of these verve cells. Symptomatic treatment in combination with right support and proper service can lessen the pain of living with this disease.Change in different forms of lifestyle choices can also reduce the prevalence of this disease. It is a complex disease to understand because it affects individuals differently in the order in which symptoms come to surface, their order of appearance, the duration it lasts before end point and variation in the duration of stage. Increased vigor worldwide to find a lasting break through in proper treatment of this disease is underway (Coste, 2004). These include efforts to delay its onset, reduce late of its development and eliminate it from the body.Research also suggests that different forms of lifestyle such as nutrition, social activities; mentally involving activities are factors likely to reduce Alzheimer ’s disease. Progression of series of Alzheimer’s disease consists of five stages expanded to seven stages by the use of a Modified Global Deterioration scale (GDS). This scale assists doctors to measure the exact level of progression of the disease in a patient and administer right medication. Stages of Alzheimer’s disease include the early stage where the individual has mild impairenent arising from this disease (Pearce, 2007).Symptoms in this stage include rapid changes in mood and behavior, forgetfulness, and lack of proper communication. This group still contains most of their capabilities and thus needs very minimal life support. Further deterioration in this stage one leads to the middle stage. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition in which a person has memory problems greater than those expected for his or her age. However, people with MCI do not have the personality changes or cognitive problems that characterize (Callone, 2007).Memory loss, dif ficulty in identifying people and objects are symptoms of middle stage although there may be little awareness. The late stage eventually does not allow verbal communication or one to take care of himself. This level require external support although their lives. The fourth stage, at end of life, is when one comes close to death and comfort is the main focus.Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) or Reisberg scale provides care givers with a better accurate measure of the level of deterioration stage. References: Draper B., (2004); Dealing with Dementia: A Guide to Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias. ISBN-10: 1865088536, ISBN-13: 978-1865088532, Allen & Unwin. Roudier, M. , Marcie, P. , Podrabinek, N., Lamour, Y. , Payan, C. , Fermanian, J. and Boller, F. , (1991): Cognitive Functions in Alzheimer's Disease: Interaction of Cognitive Domains. Developmental Neuropsychology. Volume: 7. Issue: 2. Kuhn, D. & Verity, J., (2007): The Art of Dementia Care. ISBN-10: 140189951X, ISBN-13: 978-14 01899516, Delmar Cengage Learning. Martinson, I. M. and Muwaswes, M. , (1993) ; Care giving Demands of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.Journal Title: Journal of Community Health Nursing. Volume: 10. Issue: 4. 1993. Page Number: 225. Ramanathan, V. , (1997);Alzheimer Discourse: Some Sociolinguistic Dimensions. ISBN: 9780805823554, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, NJ. Taylor, R.. , (2006): Alzheimer’s from the inside out. ISBN-10: 1932529233, ISBN-13: 978-1932529234, Health Professions Press. Coste, K. J. , (2004): Learning to Speak Alzheimer's: A Groundbreaking Approach for Everyone Dealing with the Disease. ISBN-10: 1864710632, ISBN-13: 978-0618485178, Mariner Books. Pearce, N., (2007): Inside Alzheimer's: How to Hear and Honor Connections with a Person who has Dementia.ISBN-10: 0978829905, ISBN-13: 978-0978829902, Forrason Press Callone, P. , (2007): A Caregiver’s Guide to Alzheimer's Disease: 300 Tips for Making Life Easier. ISBN-10: 1932603166, ISBN-13: 978-19 32603163, Demos Medical Publishing. Mace, L. N. & Rabins, V. P. , (2007);The 36-Hour Day: A Family Guide to Caring for People with Alzheimer Disease, Other Dementias, and Memory Loss in Later Life, 4th Edition, ISBN-10: 0801885094,ISBN-13: 978-0801885099, John’s Hopkins University Press

Study guide midterm

Topic and a Purpose Sources for choosing a topic Determining the general purpose of your speech Difference between a specific purpose and a central Idea Topic: The subject of a speech Choosing a topic: Topics you know a lot about Topics you want to know more about Brainstorming: A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas. Personal Inventory Clustering General Purpose: The broad goal off speech. Specific Purpose: A single Infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes o accomplish In his/her speech.Tips for formulating the specific purpose statement: Write as a full Infinitive phrase, not as a fragment Express as a statement, not a question Avoid figurative language Limit to one distinct idea Not too vague or general Question to ask about specific purpose: Does it meet the assignment Can it be accomplished in the time allotted Is the purpose relevant to my audience Is the purpose too trivial for my audience Is the purpose too t echnical for my audience Central Idea: A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major Ideas of a speech.Residual Message: What a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech Guidelines for a central idea: Should be expressed in full sentence Should not be in form of a question Should avoid figurative language Should not be too vague or general Chapter 6- Gathering Materials Resources for library research Credible types of sources for public speaking Catalogue: A losing of all books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library Call Number: A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to hat catalogues articles from a large number of Journals or magazines Reference Work: A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers Encyclopedias Yearbooks Quotation Books Biographical Aids Specialized Research Resources: Virtual Libraries Government Resources Multicu ltural Resources Evaluation Internet Documents: Authorship Sponsorship Regency Chapter 7- Supporting Your Ideas Four types of supporting material What they are and when to use Supporting Material: The materials used to support a speaker's ideas Examples Statistics Testimony Analogy Examples: Brief Example Extended Example Hypothetical Example Tips for using examples: Use to clarify ideas Use to reinforce ideas Use to personalize ideas Make examples vivid and richly tested Practice delivery of extended examples Statistics: Representative? Reliable source?Tips for using statistics: Use statistics to quantify ideas Use sparingly Identify source of statistics Explain the statistics Round off complicated statistics Use visual aids to clarify Expert Testimony: from people who are recognized experts in their field Peer s Paraphrasing Tips for using testimony: Quote or paraphrase accurately Use from qualified sources Use from unbiased sources Identify the people you quote or paraphrase from Chapter 8- Organizing the Body of the Speech Four organizational patterns used in Informative Speaking Connectives, transitions, previews, summary, signposts Strategic order of main points: Chronological Order Spatial Order Casual Order Topical Order – main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics Connectives: Transitions Internal Previews Internal Summaries Signposts.

Boeing/Airbus Evaluation

MBA 654 Case 10. 1 Boeing & Airbus Robin Grouette 1. The overall strategy for Boeing seems to be focused more on customization and efficiency rather than size. With the focus of the 787 Dreamliner being that of long range with smaller passenger capacity, Boeing is anticipating that more direct routes to international cities will be developed rather than the typical hub and spoke routes which currently dominate the airline industry.Airbus’ overall strategy is focused more on the hub and spoke routes as well as improving efficiency. The A380 has utilized new materials in both airframe and wing compositions which have not been seen in Boeing’s products. The A380 also relies heavily on travel between concentrated hubs of passengers to ensure capacity is not underutilized. Airbus does seem to be playing a bit of catch-up in announcing the A350 for a 2012 release as it is positioned to compete directly with the 787 from Boeing.The ways in which both strategies are different w ould be the focus of Airbus on centralized hub and spoke routes for airlines (major city to major city) and creating larger aircraft to support their strategy, as compared to the decentralized connectivity to international destinations (smaller cities connected to smaller cities) which Boeing believes to be the coming evolution of air travel. The similarities in both strategies focus around efficiency and range.Almost the entirety of both new product developments for both companies have seen significant increases in flying distance in comparison to previous models. Also, with the rising cost of fuel, the efficiency of design and materials has been become more important. Airbus has developed its product line in response to the strengths and weaknesses shown by Boeing. An example would be the A320 family which was introduced 20 years following the 727/737 models from Boeing.All models involve smaller capacities and ranges which would suit regional and national travel. Airbus also deve loped a medium range/capacity A300/310 model to compete with the 757 and 787 from Boeing. In both the small range/capacity and medium range/capacity, Boeing had a long established dominance in model acceptance as well as an ability to provide upgrades in technology and efficiency at a smaller cost to replacing the entire plane, which left Airbus at a disadvantage.Where Airbus’ real advantage came in the long range/large capacity segment which had only been serviced by the 747 from Boeing. With the introduction of the A330/340 in the late ‘80’s as well as the A380 in 2008, Airbus is anticipating the need for long distance, major hub connections throughout the world rather than having smaller cities having the ability to have direct flights to international destinations . 2. The product lines for both companies fall into three categories: short range/small capacity, medium range/medium capacity, long range/large capacity.Both companies have four models in the short range/capacity segment, Airbus has 2 models in the medium range/capacity segment to Boeing’s 3, and Airbus has 2 models in the long range/large capacity to Boeing’s 1. The sales for each segment is dominated largely by Boeing with 9632 units sold between 1970 and 2005 in comparison to the 5797 that Airbus sold in the same time. While being dominated in the small and medium segments, Airbus has been exceeding Boeing in the long range segment since the 90’s.In terms of technology, both firms are making advances towards efficiency as well as fly-by-wire controls. While Boeing models have been established for quite some time, Airbus has utilized their late entry into the industry by incorporating the latest technology into their products. Aircraft were originally designed with direct mechanical systems, meaning that when the pilot depressed a pedal in the cockpit, the corresponding surface on the airplane would react by how hard/fast the pedal was depressed.In mode rn aircraft, this mechanical system has been replaced by a fly-by-wire system which an electrical signal is sent to the surface from the cockpit, rather than a mechanical one. Airbus has been utilizing this technology exclusively in their products, whereas Boeing has had to create upgrade packages for their existing products to switch to the new technology. Airbus has made a leap in material component technology which Boeing has not, in the Lithium/Aluminum body composition as well as carbon fiber wing construction for the new A380.Overall I believe that the Boeing approach to a more decentralized, medium capacity aircraft with long range and high efficiency will prove to be the better product line. Airlines are creating more direct flights to international destinations and having the ability to have a larger percentage of capacity utilized on the medium capacity planes will make the 787 more desirable to airlines as they continue to evolve. 4.The overall economics of the industry i s one of stiff competition supporting an industry which has been struggling to make a profit for the last decade. Both companies are competing for the limited capital available to their customers to provide new products while at the same time, staying current with evolving regulations around noise and efficiency. Also, both companies are competing on a wide variety of factors for all three sales segments so creation of new products to meet customer needs are both costly as well as risky.The importance of government subsidies for both companies is paramount. This helps transfer the financial risk of new product development across more participants. While Airbus gets directly subsidized from a number of European governments, Boeing is indirectly subsidized through their military contract business. Boeing’s issue with the direct subsidies are that they can be directly traced to the commercial aircraft industry while their indirect military subsidies are harder to uncover.In the end, both companies are being subsidized by government funds. While the level of subsidization may not be exactly the same for both companies, making an issue about the only other competitor in the industry receiving a subsidy while you are as well comes across as a double standard. 5. New products are developed by creating very long range forecasts and anticipating the evolving needs of their customers before they may even realize them; all at a tremendous R&D cost to the developing company.While most of Boeing’s products were developed in the 60’s and 70’s, they really hadn’t come out with anything new until 2006 and then again in 2010; whereas Airbus has had a more consistent release of new products since the 80’s. The major trade-off between fuel efficiency and cost are based on the ability to upgrade existing models over the improved technology and materials in the newer models. Since Boeing has had an established product line for a longer tim e than Airbus, they are able to compete by selling upgrade packages to improve technology and fuel efficiency rather than having to replace the entire plane.While this has worked for Boeing in the past, this approach may have stagnated the creative drive of designers in coming up with new models, which Airbus has been doing. The A380 may not be a serious threat to Boeing, depending on how the global airline industry adapts to more people flying. If the hub and spoke method which is currently employed persists well into the future, then Boeing could be at a disadvantage to Airbus as their large capacity 747 is almost 50 years old and there are no current plans to replace it.On the other hand, if airlines start offering more direct flights from a wider variety of cities, the 787 Dreamliner is excellently positioned to take advantage of both longer ranges as well as smaller passenger requirements for profitability. 6. There will be new competitors entering this industry either directly or indirectly. Direct competition could be developed in Asia as more and more people use air travel as well as an increase in skilled labour. Indirect competition could also evolve from privatized space travel.While currently only found in science fiction, the ability for aircraft to travel semi ballistic is not far off. Having the ability to travel tremendous distances at greatly reduced times would be a major draw to people who use airlines for international business. Boeing needs to be aware of the progress of the privatized space flight industry as well as any potential competition from Asia. This means more investment into technology around fuel efficiency as well as materials and systems. When Boeing offered upgrades on their 747, they reduced the total crew required from 3 to 2, saving $400,000 per year in operating costs.If they could further reduce crew requirements to a single pilot, it would provide significant operational savings to their customers. The future of the co mmercial aircraft industry is bright. Air travel is the safest and fastest way for people to travel long distances. With evolutions in engine and plane design, the models will only get faster and more efficient. The key for each company is to not wait to see what the other is doing, but to invest in both market research and technology to stay ahead of the other.