Third Cinema in China: Yellow Earth Essay -- China Cinema Movies Yello

Third Cinema in china discolour basis What is identified as excess in Western cinematic experience is, therefore, precisely where we locate Third World cinema. -Teshome Gabriel The possibility of a Third Cinema in China is encouraged with Chen Kaiges 1984 film Yellow Earth. Drawing upon Teshome Gabriels framework, a working definition of Third Cinema is possible in the case of Chinese cinema. The fifth generation of Chinas film-makers is credited in reservation films such as Yellow Earth, Farewell my Concubine, and The Blue Kite, as well as Raise the Red Lantern and Red Sorghum. While not all films make by the fifth generation are necessarily of a Third Cinema, many of them offer critique, drawing upon tactics to raise social or semipolitical consciousness. Yellow Earth s characterization as Third Cinema lies in its aesthetic qualities, incorporation of folk art characteristics, and challenge of Western film language. Chinese Painting as Third Cinema Aesthetic Use of space is d istinctive in Chinese painting, for not only is what space is occupied by an object, but more importantly the surrounding space. What, to the Western eye, may appear to be wasted or empty space, is as much a part of the entire vulnerability than may appear to be the object of interest. Yellow Earth invokes characteristics of Chinese painting in the cinematographic style of Zhang Yimou. The use of Chinese painting characteristics contributes to Yellow Earth as representative of Third Cinema in China. The use of space challenges Western convention, creating a new film grammar to code political agendas. In Yellow Earth Western Analysis and a Non-Western Text, Ester C.M. Yau notes that Classical Chinese paintings representation of nature i... ...n Chinese, the folk culture seems dated and irrelevant. Third Cinema, however, realizes the need to draw upon folk tradition. Third Cinema is not limited to those cinemas of Latin America or Africa. It is located where challenges to Western ci nematic domination and rules are played out. In China, the historic period following the downfall of the 10 year reign of the ethnical Revolution produced a climate ripe for a politicized revolutionary cinema. Yet, the cinema in China remains bound to censorship and banning of films. The overtly politically challenging film The Blue Kite, set in the decade leading up to the Cultural Revolution, was banned and denounced by Chinese authorities. What has emerged then is the need to create a new language for the cinema to speak with. The language of Yellow Earth draws upon Chinese art to create a new aesthetic, a Third Cinema aesthetic.

Software Patents in Western Europe :: Software Technology Patent Paperes

Softwargon Patents in Western EuropeIntroductionThe world is becoming little and sm all(prenominal)er. Its a catch-line clich anyone who is familiar with the internet has heard a thousand times. Email provides nearly instant communication across the globe, massive files containing every conceivable piece of information are transmitted in the blink of an eye, and the World Wide Web makes it all accessible to the common individual with moderate data processor skills. There is no denying it, just like the IBM slogan, the internet has changed the way the world does business. One key to doing business is the patent. Meant to reward and encourage innovation, the patent gives the causation of an conception or invention a temporary monopoly on their product. This grants small businesses a foothold in a market that would otherwise be dominated by giant corporations. Thus patents give life to competition, the cornerstone of capitalism. However, with the advent of the computer indus try the issue of patenting software programs has become an intense debate. These intangible sequences of ones and zeros are envy like gold and in some cases are the very livelihood of numerous businesses.The State of Affairs in Western EuropeThere are dickens camps in Europe battling out the issue of software patents. On one side we have Brussels technocrats and technology giants such as Microsoft, SAP, and Nokia, all of which insist that Europe must do more to protect intellectual property or risk compromising its global competitiveness.1 The basic reason of this side is that patents are necessary if Europe wants to compete with U.S. and Chinese innovation. On the other side of the debate there is an army of economists, left-leaning politicians, and programmers such as Linux creator Linus Torvalds1 who present the argument that software patents are a creativity-crushing weapon wielded by multinationals to bash startups.1 The open-source community, which produces software wi thout patents for all people to use, is specially strong in Europe. It is their opinion that software patents put programs under lock and key and they would like to see Europe reject software patents completely.For the past two years the European Union has been working to stiffen its existing patent laws while balancing the sometimes conflicting requirements of its 15 members. However, the process was upended in September when the European Parliament -- under heavy last-minute lobbying by open-source advocates -- unexpectedly approved a draft law that effectively forbidden all software patents.

Israel :: essays research papers

IsraelThe Official quarrel for Israel is Hebrew. It is a very old languagedating back over 5000 years. The version that is spoken like a shot is different thanthe kinda of Hebrew written in the Old Testament. The version spoken today iscommonly refered to as modern Hebrew.Since Israel is a Jewish state, naturally the main religion is going to beJudaism. There is also a lot of Muslims and Christians, moreover around of the peopleare Jewish. Many of the Jewish Holiday are also national holidays, such as YomKippur, Purim, and Rosh Hashanah. One of the holidays exclusive to Israel isIndependence Day, where Israel celebrates its sightly a state.Israel Produces many crops such as figs, dates, apples, pairs, oranges, andolives. They are a very self-sufficient nation and do not need to import much.Probably the most re straightwayned person in the country is the Prime Minister. Heis similar to a President. The current Prime Minister is Benjamin Netanyahu.One of his biggest problems righ t now is to try and negotiate a p from each one agreementwith the arabs. Two of the biggest Ethnic groups, the Arabs and the Jews, havebeen fighting every since the Jews came to the land in the early 20th century.The Jews wish Peace and the Arabs wanna kick the Jews out. One of the Biggestdebates is over the Mosque in Jerusalem. The Mosque is located right by theWhaling Wall, which is the remnants of an ancient Jewish Temple. They are bothmajor parts of each religion so they are fighting over who has ownership of what.In Israel they like many of the sports we do. Soccer, Basketball, Football,etc. They eat many of the same foods we do. Some of the foods inborn to thatarea of the world are Falafel, Hummus, Techina, and Shwarma.The population of Israel is roughly 6 million. Almost on sixth of thoselive in a city called Tel Aviv, the nations largest city. It is also a popularcity for jews because it is about 95% Jewish. It is in the north where thereare hills and mountains, the opposi te of the South where there is deserts andflat lands. The Dead ocean is the lowest altitude onEarth and it is located inIsrael.The Government is modeled after the British. With a parlaimentaryDemocracy. The Prime minister is elected by the people through an validatory vote.The people vote on the party and the party with the most votes, then votes on

Engineering and National Defense :: essays papers

Engineering and National Defense Francis Dietz, a Government Relations worker for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) in Washington, D.C., is calling upon engineers to stand by our policy makers in making decisions concerning defense research and design. In testimony to Congress given by the Department of Defense Task Force of ASMEs Inter-Council delegation on Federal R & D, an increasing number of peacekeeping deployments to various parts of the globe, combined with relatively stagnant budgets, have combined to put a severe strain on the ability of the Department of Defense to appropriately plan for its future engineering needs (Dietz 34). To further explain this claim of consequence, The chemical group goes on to say, the basic research of today largely determines the technological advancements of a decade or more from now. (Dietz 34). This article states the importance of funding for study defense. It hopes to protest the reader about how the budget cu ts in basic research have left the country vulnerable. In order to defend against the three major national security threats of nuclear proliferation, weapons of mass destruction, and breeches of information technology infrastructure, Congress will need to supply appropriate funds in science and technology (Dietz 34). In writing this article, the author hopes to gather enough support to lobby for more funds. The argument contains all three parts of the logic triangle. Logos is utilise when he states that a decrease in funding for R & D has made it harder to attract and retain talented engineers. Dietz also uses logos when he quotes devastate Armen saying, If you dont design and build new systems, then someday when you need something new, therell be nobody there who knows how to do it. (34). Ethos is found in the hatful and committees he gathers some(prenominal) of the information in the article. He uses groups like by the Department of Defense Task Force of ASMEs Inter-Counci l Committee on Federal R & D and people like Rep. Julian Dixon as authorities to substantiate his claim. Pathos is used in the form of fear when the consequences of poor funding are realized. The article implies the US is leaving itself open to conventional, nuclear, and cyber attacks.The article was exactly right in my opinion.

Kurds - A People Without a State Essay -- Culture Kurds History Essays

Kurds - A People Without a StateIntroductionOf all the ethnic groups in the world, the Kurds be one of the largest that has no conjure up to call their own. According to historian William Westermann, The Kurds can present a better claim to race purity...than any people which now inhabits Europe. (Bonner, p. 63, 1992) Over the former(prenominal) hundred years, the desire for an independent Kurdish state has created conflicts mainly with the Turkish and Iraqi populations in the areas where most of the Kurds live. This conflict has important geographical implications as well. The explanation of the Kurdish nation, the causes for these conflicts, and an analysis of the situation will be discussed in this paper.History of the KurdsThe Kurds are a Sunni Muslim people living primarily in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. The 25 million Kurds have a distinct culture that is not at all like their Turkish, Persian, and Arabic neighbors (Hitchens, p. 36, 1992). It is this cultural difference between the groups that automatically creates the authority for conflict. Of the 25 million Kurds, approximately 10 million live in Turkey, four million in Iraq, five million in Iran, and a million in Syria, with the rest scattered throughout the rest of the world (Bonner, p. 46, 1992). The Kurds also have had a long history of conflict with these other ethnic groups in the Middle East, which we will now look at.The history of Kurds in the area actually began during ancient times. However, the desire for a Kurdish homeland did not set about until the early 1900s, around the time of World War I. In his Fourteen Points,President Woodrow Wilson promised the Kurds a sovereign state (Hitchens, p. 54, 1992). The formation of a Kurdish state was supposed to have been accomplished through the Treaty of Sevres in 1920 which said that the Kurds could have an independent state if they wanted one (Bonner, p. 46, 1992). With the formation of Turkey in 1923, Kemal Ataturk, the new Turkish President, t hrew out the treaty and denied the Kurds their own state. This was the beginning of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict. At about this same time, the Kurds attempted to establish a semi-independent state, and actually succeeded in forming the earth of Kurdistan, which lasted from 1922-1924 later, in 1946, some of the Kurds established the Mahabad Republic... ... seem very willing to give up their territory to the Kurds. The plan of the PUK has a small chance to work, assuming that insurgent tactics would scare the Iraqi government. By simply holding out, the Kurds would gain nothing, because the Iraqis are not threatened by the Kurds per se. However, by attacking the Iraqis, the Kurds run the seek of a counterattack which they probably could not effectively deal with. Basically, that would make the situation for the Kurds even worse than before.ConclusionWithout the support of a large right on nation such as the U.S., the Kurds will probably never establish an independent Kurdish stat e. The Kurds do not have enough military author to fight off the Turks andIraqis without help. The Iraqis and Turks would not be willing to giveup their economically important territory to people which they perceive a threat to their mood of life and will most likely continue to fight the Kurds. The Kurds have no choice but to continue fighting until either they or the Turks and Iraqis are defeated, as both groups are unwilling to allow them to remain in their countries. The futuredefinitely looks bleak for the Kurds.

Kurds - A People Without a State Essay -- Culture Kurds History Essays

Kurds - A People Without a StateIntroductionOf all the ethnic groups in the world, the Kurds are one of the largest that has no state to entreat their own. According to historian William Westermann, The Kurds can present a better claim to race purity...than any people which now inhabits Europe. (Bonner, p. 63, 1992) Over the past hundred years, the hope for an independent Kurdish state has created conflicts mainly with the Turkish and Iraqi populations in the areas where most of the Kurds live. This conflict has important geographical implications as well. The history of the Kurdish nation, the causes for these conflicts, and an abstract of the situation leave behind be discussed in this paper.History of the KurdsThe Kurds are a Sunni Muslim people living primarily in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. The 25 one million million Kurds nourish a distinct culture that is not at all like their Turkish, Persian, and Arabic neighbors (Hitchens, p. 36, 1992). It is this cultural difference betw een the groups that automatically creates the potential for conflict. Of the 25 million Kurds, approximately 10 million live in Turkey, four million in Iraq, five million in Iran, and a million in Syria, with the put down scattered throughout the rest of the world (Bonner, p. 46, 1992). The Kurds also perk up had a long history of conflict with these other ethnic groups in the Middle East, which we entrust now look at.The history of Kurds in the area actually began during ancient times. However, the desire for a Kurdish homeland did not begin until the early 1900s, most the time of World War I. In his Fourteen Points,President Woodrow Wilson promised the Kurds a sovereign state (Hitchens, p. 54, 1992). The formation of a Kurdish state was supposed to have been accomplished through the Treaty of Sevres in 1920 which said that the Kurds could have an independent state if they wanted one (Bonner, p. 46, 1992). With the formation of Turkey in 1923, Kemal Ataturk, the new Turkish Pre sident, threw out the treaty and denied the Kurds their own state. This was the beginning of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict. At about this same time, the Kurds attempted to establish a semi-independent state, and actually succeeded in forming the Kingdom of Kurdistan, which lasted from 1922-1924 later, in 1946, any(prenominal) of the Kurds established the Mahabad Republic... ... seem very willing to give up their territory to the Kurds. The plan of the PUK has a small chance to work, assuming that guerrilla tactics would scare away the Iraqi government. By simply holding out, the Kurds would gain nothing, because the Iraqis are not threatened by the Kurds per se. However, by attacking the Iraqis, the Kurds run the risk of a attack which they probably could not effectively deal with. Basically, that would make the situation for the Kurds even worse than before.ConclusionWithout the support of a large powerful nation much(prenominal) as the U.S., the Kurds will probably never estab lish an independent Kurdish state. The Kurds do not have enough military power to fight stumble the Turks andIraqis without help. The Iraqis and Turks would not be willing to giveup their economically important territory to people which they perceive a threat to their way of life and will most likely continue to fight the Kurds. The Kurds have no choice but to continue fighting until either they or the Turks and Iraqis are defeated, as both(prenominal) groups are unwilling to allow them to remain in their countries. The futuredefinitely looks bleak for the Kurds.

The Story of my Life

As a 15-year-old, in my life, there has been a lot of setbacks, challenge and some failure in my personal and in my academic life, though I am not proud to admit. When I was a little girl I was the happiest person you would ever mean, well for the most part. No proposition what people did to me, I would instantly forgive and move on regardless of what they did to me or the pain they cost me.Now it may seem same I would go from being happy and content to bleak and dull, because of the most important people in my life, who was supposed to be there for me when others are hard to deplume me down, but the person tearing me down is my own mom and dad.All I did and do was try and be good enough for them, but no reckon what I did, its desire I pull up stakes neer be good enough for them. Sure they loved me, or thats what I wanted to think, but when it comes to demonstrate it, it was like they dont care.Emotional and physical abuse was a daily routine in my everyday life. My father h ad no patience and always assumed he was right about everything, and my mom always assumed the worst in me and followed my father with his accusation, so as a child my voice was taken. I bring forth to keep everything to myself and became a shadow of my former self. No one noticed because of the smile on my face I would force every time I extend my home, the place I would fear to return, without noticing.At first, school failed to be my safe suffern.People saw me as the new quiet and fragile girl, so they took value of me by verbally and emotionally abuse me. If someone wanted something from me, I would willingly give it to them, fearing they would say or do something to me. I was always trying to please everyone and trying to change something about myself that people did not like. I remember on the mouth after school starting all my teachers would guide everyone to describe their partner, my partners would say that I was nice to work with, but behind my teacher back spiteful w ords were being thrown at me like dodgeball except I was not dodging it.Sure I had friends, but none that was very close because my parents would not let me go to my friends house or let them come over to mine and of course they couldnt stop the hateful words that were being thrown at me all they did was pity me. I never like being pity by someone, so I never told anyone about what happened at my home, I would avoid the subject but couldnt keep avoiding it the subject, so I would tell my friends, my fantasy of the family I wanted as if it was the reality.I never understand why people and my parents were mean to me. It took me years to realize that it was insurmountable to please everyone, so I just didnt even try to please them. When I realize this, its like the world was lifted off my shoulder. I did not care about anyones opinion of me because I was too distracted by my new founded happiness and was too busy living my life. I stopped have the urge and need to have everyone like m e. I start standing up for myself, saying no to people and speaking whats on my mind, but at sometimes I would keep quiet when necessary.The naive part of me was out of my mind, things were improving in my life and was more than better.The man who was supposed to protect me and love me would leave early in the morning and come in the afternoon. If he asks for something and I didnt do it at the same time, he would yell at me and threaten to chance on me saying he would slap me or knock some of my teeth out, sometime if he would accuse me of doing things I did not do or acts like he know everything and if I dare to say otherwise he would yell and sometime he would slap me, and my mom would stand there and do nothing, sometimes she would try and stop him.He was the only person I truly fear but will not show it, he would be the only person that can bring me to my lowest point. Despite what happened at my home, at my middle school I would be in one of the highest classes in my school an d always passing my classes with the high score. All of the hardship I have been through in my life made me a stronger person. I ask and hope God gives me the strength to keep going forward despite all the obstacles in my life. I am my own person and I will never change myself to please anyone ever again. My future is in my hands and I also believe in myself, to make anything possible for myself.

Price and Rubbermaid

Abdul Javeed Sociology 300 February 14, 2010 Wal-Mart analysis Wal-Mart can be analyzed using both Structural Function and Social competitiveness possible action. Structural function theory believes that society is a complex system of interconnected and interrelated social structures each having a function and working together to promote social stability. in that respect is an inherent tendency to balance and equilibrium. The fol wretcheding three points define why Wal-Mart can be analyzed using Structural function theory They maintenance their prices low just now make profits on high volume and fast turnover.Wal-Mart is about admired for its reputation in cost cutting and low prices. Wal-Mart is known to have very low and cheap prices for their products. It stops the need to go look for a bargain at other stores because we know that we wont find a better deal elsewhere. This way we not only save money but time and gas too. Driving nearly to different stores to buy whole the products is time and gas consuming. Low cost imports from Asia were vital components for Wal-Marts low opening price point strategy.Social Conflict theory believes that society is not integrated but actually full of unequal divisions. It has scarce and limited social resources PWP. It is in constant competition for them and contravene Is the result. Thus the emerging social structures benefit some in obtaining or retaining PWP at the expense of others. The following three points define why Wal-Mart can likewise be analyzed using Social Conflict theory Americas best known brand Rubbermaid, maker of plastic containers, garbage bins was closely in every home in one way or another. Rubbermaid supplied to big chains like Wal-Mart.Rubbermaid was struggling to maintain its ambitious growth targets. because suddenly the material cost for Rubbermaid increased and hence they had to increase the price of their products. Some retailers agreed with the price increase but Wal-Mart did not. So it was the first signs of declines for Rubbermaid. Wal-Mart pullback was a blow to Rubbermaid and later its plant closed. Close to 1000 jobs were lost at Rubbermaid. Rubbermaid with its reputation of quality was most admired. Wal-Mart with its reputation for cost cutting was most admired.Hence Wal-Mart used its PWP to control Rubbermaid and indirectly let it shutdown. It had power over Rubbermaid and forced it to lower its costs. Rubbermaid couldnt do it and so Wal-Mart stopped doing business with them, and so Rubbermaid shutdown. Wal-Mart used its PWP and by this a proud American Company was shutdown and many lost jobs. Impact of Chinese export boom has been felt all over USA. Wal-Mart used it PWP to indirectly shutdown a company called Thomson Consumer Electronics which was an American Television Manufacturer.Thomson stated to see a sharp foreign competition they motto Chinese products being sold at a price that most American manufacturers couldnt manufacture at. Five electroni cs sued the Chinese TV manufacturer but was stunned to see that Wal-Marttook the side of Chinese manufacturer. But Thomson plant shutdown and lot of people lost their jobs due to Chinese competition. Wal-Mart used its PWP and was bringing in cheap Chinese imports and so caused American manufacturer hard to keep in competition.

Literature Oregano

Oregano Oregano (Scientific name Origanum vulgare) is also known as Wild Marjoram, Mountain Mint, Origanum, Wintersweet and Winter Marjoram. This erectly bedcover plant has strong aromatic characteristics, with leaves and stems that are fleshy. The leaves of oregano are heart-shaped, with likewisethed edges, and which, grow for up to 9 meters in length. In other countries, the plant is in the beginning used as a culinary ingredient. However, in countries like the Philippines, Oregano is a known herbal medicine for its strong anti-oxidant properties.Plant family Lamiaceae (mint family). Oregano is much popularly known for its aromatic and balsamic flavor and is commonly used as mint flavoring in Mediterranean and Mexican foods. Oregano as used as herbal medicine has its earliest beginnings even in early Egyptian times and has been traditionally used as herbal redress for skin burns, cuts and bruises. Because of the minty flavor of oregano, it is also used as herbal remedy for sore throat, asthma, colds, coughs and flu. Oregano was first used by the Greeks. In their mythology the goddess Aphrodite invented the spice.Giving it to man to shed his life happier. The word oregano is actually derived from the Greek phrase, joy of the mountains. Just married couples were crowned with wreaths of it. It was also put on graves to give peace servey to departed spirits. Ancient Greek physicians discovered that the herb had beneficial effects and prescribed it for a variety of ailments. Hippocrates used it as well as its smashed cousin, marjoram as an antiseptic. The Romans, who later conquered Greece, would adopt much of the culture of the region. They tasted oregano and thought that it was good.The ease of its cultivation coupled with the Roman proclivity for the expansion of imperium would spread its use throughout Europe and much of Northern Africa. In these regions it was used to spice meats, fish, and even as a flavoring for wine. In the fondness ages people continued to use it. Sharp spices were not common at this time. Oregano was ane of the few food flavorings available to give variety to the chance(a) fair. The people of the dark age cast about for medicinal properties in whatever form they could find. They would chew the oregano leaves as a cure for rheumatism, toothache, indigestion, and as a cough suppressant.Oregano found its way to China probably via the spice road that wended through the Middle-East during the Medieval period. Here again it was a medicinal herb. Doctors prescribed it to relieve fever, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, and itchy skin. Later, the English found a use for oregano as an additive to snuff (which was generally a tobacco concoction interpreted through the nose). It was also used as a perfume in sachets. In spite of its use in England, Oregano was little known in the United States prior to the Second World War. Soldiers discovered the flavors and aromas during the Italian Campaign and brought back the sp ice and the desire for it.Related Studies Oil of Oregano According to Scott Gavura, the less examine that exists to support the use of a treatment, the more passionate its supporters seem to be. I learned this early in my career as a pharmacist. One drugstore I worked at did a steady business in essential covers. And king of the oils was oil of oregano. Not only were there several different brands of the basic oil, they were different forms, including capsules, creams and even nasal sprays. Not aware of some(prenominal) therapeutic benefits, I would ask customers what they were using it for.I rarely heard the same delineate exposit skin infections, athletes foot, head lice, colds, sore throats, parasites, yeasts, diabetes, allergies and ringworm were apparently no match against the judicious use of oregano oil. Intrigued, I took a next look. Long before our scientific understanding of bacteria and antimicrobials, infected wounds were packed with different products in an atte mpt to minimize the odor, and hopefully speed healing. Its believably that someone happened upon a fragrant herb and discovered that it seemed to help treat wounds (or at least, cover some of the smell).Given there have been some amazing drugs with sizable effects that have emerged from natural products, its certainly plausible that oil of oregano could have biologic and therapeutic effects. Oregano (Origanum vulgare) leaves contain a massive variety of chemical compounds, including leanolic acids, ursolic acids, and phenolic glycosides. Phenolic compounds make up to 71% of the oil. Carvacrol, thymol, cymene, and terpinine and are found in oregano leaves and do appear to have biological effects. Its these chemicals that are proposed to be the parts with beneficial effects. EffectivenessWhen we contemplate administering a chemical to deliver a medicinal effect, we need to ask the following Is it abstracted into the dead body at all? Does enough reach the right part of the body t o have an effect? Does it actually work for the condition? Does it have any hazardous, unsuitable effects? Can it be safely eliminated from the body? These questions are usually answered through a series of investigations, starting with preclinical (test-tube) studies, and moving into to sentient being trials, and thus to human clinical trials that start with validating safety, and then progress to investigating efficacy and safety.The short answer is that theres little beyond animal studies to demonstrate that the ingredients in oregano oil have any effects. One of the best reviews seems to come from the McCormick Science Institute (yes, the spice company). They commissioned a paper on oregano by Keith Singletary that appeared in the journal Nutrition Today in 2010. Happily, though the journal is paywalled, McCormick is hosting the paper on its own website. 1. Is oil of oregano absorbed? Some parts of the oregano do appear to be absorbed but the bioavailability of its different chemical constituents has not been verified.So we cant be certain which components are reaching the circulation. 2. Does enough reach the right part of the body to have any beneficial effect? Its not clear where the chemicals in oil of oregano act in the body, as no research has been done to show that it is adequately absorbed. However, there is some attest to suggest that oregano may be implicated in inducing abortions in mice, so some parts of the herb must be absorbed, if this a causal effect. When applied to body surfaces or skin for topical effect, oil of oregano is more likely to reach high concentrations, at least locally, and then possibly deliver a medicinal effect.This makes topical effects seem much more plausible than ones that require ingestion. 3. Does it actually work for the condition? at that place is no published evidence to demonstrate that that oil of oregano is effective for any medical condition or illness. The McCormick review notes that that data for every condition evaluated is preliminary, inconclusive. there is some very limited evidence to suggest that it power be useful for parasite infections but given the evidence consists of only one study with 14 patients, and no placebo comparison, we really have no idea if the oregano oil itself was effective.Lets consider how oil of oregano might treat an infection. Bacteria are killed by antimicrobials based on a specific dose-response relationship. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) must be reached at the site of an infection. indeed theres a concentration range where the bacteria (or viruses, or fungi, or parasites, depending on what youre treating) are killed, typically in rough counterpoise to the dose. Keep increasing the dose, and the effect plateaus.If you can hit the MIC without causing side effects or toxicity, congratulations you have a potential therapeutic agent. Theres some evidence out there demonstrating that oil of oregano will kill different species of bacter ia, etc in the test tube or Petri service ( in vitro). If I pour a pile of salt, lime juice, Cointreau, or tequila on a Petri dish, it will likely kill most bacteria too but that doesnt mean margaritas can treat pneumonia. Its not difficult to kill bacteria if you change the conditions enough that it cannot live.So while its booming to get high concentrations of oregano in a test tube and subsequent positive effects, these effects are meaningless in the human body unless we can achieve similar concentrations, without any toxicity. And this has not been demonstrated with oil of oregano, or its individual chemical ingredients. 4. Does oil of oregano have any hazardous, unwanted effects? Natural does not mean safe. There are some reports of gastrointestinal upset with oil of oregano. There are also reports of allergic reactions.There is no evidence to suggest that oil of oregano, used at high (medicinal) amounts, may be used safely in pregnant or breast cater women. However, when u sed in cooking, and as part of a regular diet, there is also no evidence that causes harm in pregnancy or breastfeeding. beast studies show that if you give enough carvacrol, it will kill, though. 5. Can oil of oregano be safely eliminated from the body? So little published research exists on oil of oregano there is no way to determine if oregano oil is non-toxic.Certainly, at low doses, when used as a food, there is no reason to have any concerns. But at higher doses, and particularly with regular use, there is no data to suggest its safe to scourge all that carvacrol, thymol, cymene, and terpinine. As we have no idea if and how oregano oil works, we have no information to estimate what a proper dose might be. Doses published by manufacturers are not based on any published evidence. Conclusion Oil of oregano, and the claims attached to it, is a great example of how interest laboratory findings can be wildly exaggerated to imply meaningful effects in humans.A few small studies hav e been conducted, mainly in the lab, and advocates deal this is evidence of effectiveness. The rest is all anecdotes. Despite the hype, there is no persuasive evidence to demonstrate that oil of oregano does anything useful in or on our bodies. And while it is popular, there is no science to support the use of oil of oregano for any medical condition. Suggesting that this herb is can effectively treat near medical conditions like diabetes, asthma, and cancer is foolish and dangerous. If youre ill, stick to the proven science, and save your oregano for cooking.

Nephron Technology for Lube Oil

Nephron technology makes a difference Engr Maliha Maisha Rahman Bannichi Enterprise limited Literature ReviewTBN In short, a TBN (total base number) measures the amount of active one-dimensional left in a sample of crude vegetable rock petroleum. The TBN of a employ oil nates aid the user in ascertain how much reserve analogue the oil has left to neutralize acids. The begin the TBN reading, the less active additive the oil has left. Oils function is to lubricate, clean, and cool the engine. Additives are added to the oil to get up those functions. viscosity Technic exclusivelyy, viscousness is defined as resistance to flow.Commonly though, we think of it as an oils thickness. To be much specific, it is the thickness of an oil at a given temperature. The viscosity of an oil could be reported at any temperature, but to standardize things, most laboratories report either a low temp (100F or 40C) or a high temp (210F or 100C) and stick with either SUS or cSt. The standardize d temperature reading allows us to compare apples to apples for judging the thickness of the oil. undivided Grade Multi Grade Viscosity today since most gas- or diesel-engine manufacturers recommend multi- steps.At direct temperature, a groovy weight performs just as well as a multi-viscosity oil, and there is nothing wrong with using a straight weight. Its just a simpler form of oil. Some diesel fleets still use straight weights, as do about half the piston aircraft operators. The difference between multi-grade and straight-weight oil is simply the addition of a viscosity improving (VI) additive. The most frequent grade of automotive oil in use today is the 5W/30, which is a mineral oil refined with VI additives that leave it reading as an SAE 5W viscosity when cold, yet an SAE 30W when hot (210F).The advantage to the multi-weight is that when starting the engine, the multi-viscosity oil (with its thickness of an SAE 5W when cold), allows the engine to spin over more than eas ily. The most common diesel use oil is 15W/40. It is an SAE 15W oil with a VI additive that leaves it the thickness of an SAE 40 weight at operating temperature. What makes an oil a diesel-use oil (rather than automotive-use) is the level of additives used. Diesels require heavier levels of dispersant and anti-wear additives. These heavier additive levels are objectionable for automotive engines since they may interfere with the emission controls andated by the EPA. Need To Choose the Proper Viscosity We are seeing that trend for newer engines, for which the recommended grade is getting progressively lighter. The common 10W/30 has become a 5W/30, and some manufacturers even recommend 5W/20 oil. On the other hand, we evictt see (in oil analysis) where it hurts anything to bleed heavier 10W/30s or even 10W/40s in modern automotive engines. The heavier oils provide more bearing film, and thats important at the lower end. If your oil is in addition light, the bearing metals can incre ase. If the oil is too heavy, the upper end metals can increase.The trick is to find the right viscosity for your particular engine, which is why we suggest following the manufacturers recommendation. Changes in Viscosity/Adding additives? Then the Result Comes Adding anything foreign to your oil can change its viscosity. Some types of after-market oil additives cause a quite high viscosity at operating temperature. While an additive might improve bearing wear, it can often cause poorer upper-end wear. We dont recommend any type of after-market additives. Other changes to viscosity can issuing from contamination of the oil.Moisture and fuel can both cause the viscosity to increase or decrease, depending on the contaminant and how long it has been present in the oil. Antifreeze often increases an oils viscosity. image to excessive heat (leaving the oil in use too long, engine overheating) can also increase viscosity. When your oils viscosity comes back as either lower or higher tha n the Should Be range, something is causing it. If the high/low viscosity is hurting wear, the key is to find out what it is and repair your engine or queue up your driving habits accordingly, to correct the viscosity and optimize your engines efficiency.If you decide to use a different viscosity oil than what the manufacturer recommends, you might want to use oil analysis while you are experimenting. Your wear data doesnt lie. People selling oils and additives may be sincere, but they dont have to live with the vector sums. They simply smile a lot on the way to the bank. MoistureProblems Industrial oils run cold compared to other (such as automotive-use) oils, and they tend to pull in moisture. The moisture comes from humidity in the air, or in some cases, its directly introduced to the oil from coolants and related constitutions.Moisture affects the lubricity of the oil, decreasing its effectiveness. Moisture in the oil can cause a variety of problems, such as ill running hyd raulic rams, machine sizing, and chatter. Another negative effect of moisture in oil is acidity. Oil, by its molecular nature, cannot become an acid. But there is constantly a little moisture present in oils operating at relatively cool temperatures, and that moisture can turn acidic. tarts in a machines oil sump will corrosively attack internal parts not only the metallic parts, but the seals as well. Corroded valves become ineffective.Many headaches in a machines function can be directly attributed to oil condition. Though oils do not respond to the pH test, there is a neutralization test called sum Acid Number (TAN) that can easily spot oil that is becoming problematic. AbrasionProblems Industrial oil becomes abrasive from wear metals, abrasive dirt, and particle contamination. The most serious result of abrasive oil is the detrimental effect it has on seals. Machine seals are lubricated by the systems oil, and they will last a long time if the oils are maintained efficaciou sly.If they are not maintained properly, the seals will degrade and cause leakage. Leaking machines require pans under them, which need to be vacuumed regularly, and the waste oils pose a presidential term problem. Fresh oil is purchased needlessly, running up maintenance costs. Machines that leak oil also run the risk of being run low on oil and having improper oils used as replacement. All these expensive problems can be eliminated by keeping machine oils in serviceable condition. WhatAboutFilteringOil? Many industrial ope balancens hire filtration companies to filter insolubles and abrasive contaminants from their oil.Some plants operate their own filtration equipment. Filtering oil thats currently in use is a good idea, and it helps companies avoid needlessly purchasing perfect(a) oil products, but it has limits. Oil that is filtered too many times can contain damaged additives. If the additives are damaged, the oil cant function effectively the oil loses lubricity and becomes oxidized. in that location is a point at which the additives either need to be restored or the oil needs to be replaced, and oil analysis is useful in determining this point. It can also help to rate the effectiveness of a companys filtration program.Not all wear metals and abrasive contaminants can be filtered out of the oil they tend to accumulate and eventually reach levels that leave the oil unserviceable. A test known as the ISO Cleanliness Code (also called a Particle Count) can be used to rate the cleanliness of an oil sample. This test also shows the effectiveness of the machines in-line oil filtration. Insolubles test The insolubles test measures the total insoluble materials in an oil sample, that is, all solid or liquid materials that are not soluble (wont mix) in oil.Virgin oil shouldnt have any insoluble materials in it. When it occasionally does, the most we normally find is a trace level. The insolubles in virgin oil are from the normal oxidation process of the oil , which leaves free carbon in suspension when oxygen forms with hydrogen (oil is a hydrocarbon). The insolubles test is a centrifuge method. A measured volume of oil is mixed with a heated solvent, agitated, and spun at high speed. Insoluble materials collect at the bottom of a tapered glass tube and can then be quantified.The insolubles test is a fair measure of how fast the oil is oxidizing and receiving contaminants, and how effectively the systems oil filtration is functioning. Industrial oil normally contains precise low insolubles due to the few and relatively mild heat cycles the oil experiences (heat cycles accelerate the oils normal end to oxidize). Further, oil filtration on industrial machines may filter particles as small as 2 to 10 microns, keeping the oil pristine for a very long time, often years. Automotive and aircraft oils however, suffer the most difficult environmental problems of all types of oils we analyze.They regularly receive blow-by products from the com bustion process. They suffer extreme heat cycles. any(prenominal) contaminant in the oil will accelerate the oxidation process, causing insoluble materials to increase. railway locomotive oil needs to be changed regularly due to all of the above. Excessive insolubles can form in an engine oil if the oil is running hot, is receiving more than a normal amount of contamination, is suffering more (or more severe) heat cycles than is normal, is being run longer than a typical use cycle, or, on the other side of the coin, if oil filtration is marginal or relatively ineffective.If we build no contamination in your oil and your change intervals are normal, we often mention a problem at oil filtration as a thinkable cause of higher insolubles. Insolubles may be forming because your oil change interval is too long for the condition of the engine. Your oil filter may be inferior. It is practical the oil filter bypass valve has relived if the filter is becoming restricted. The filter system bypass may also open upon unusually cold starts when the oil is too thick to pass through the filter media. Once the bypass relieves, the filter is effectively out of the system.Fig insoluble pentane and tolueneReport of E16(without using nephron system) and E-45 (with our nephron system)Figure works procedure of nephronMarine Engineering thesis- 30000 hours lubricating oil continued using experimentEngine specification, graphs showing lube oil change and viscosity, Tables showing wear and tear ratio. Engine Specification Engine model 8N21AL-EV Type Vertical water-cooled 4-cycle diesel engine Number of cylinder 8 Cylinder bore x shooting mm 210 x 290 Total displacement lit. 80. 36 Continuous rated output kW(PS) 1300 (1768) Engine speed min-l 900 1000 Generator capacity kWe 1200 Combustion system Direct shaft Starting system Air-motor starting Engine model 6N21AL-EV Type Vertical water-cooled 4-cycle diesel engine Number of cylinder 6 Cylinder bore x stroke mm 210 x 2 90 Total displacement lit. 60. 27 Continuous rated output kW(PS) 970 (1319) Engine speed min-l 900 1000 Generator capacity kWe 900 Combustion system Direct injection Starting system Air-motor starting Conclusion The nephron system cleans the impurities in the LO at almost the same time that they appear, continually cleaning and maintaining the oil. This is the main terra firma why this system was selected for this experiment. Those particles of the lube oil that do deteriorate via oxidation are so small when using the filtration system of the nephron system that they can be disregarded. The particles of lube oil that is lost when using lube oil are those that are oxidized, evaporated or destroyed by high temperature.In other words, the ratio of molecules with large molecular weight grows as time passes using the lube oil. This is because the molecules which are smaller are more susceptible to heat and are so lost more easily. The oil begins to resem ble the properties of the high grade naturally occurring lube oil in such location as bright stock. The unfeigned burning proof load of this oil is approximately 25% better than that of new oil. For these reasons it is natural to use nephron system. The more time proceeds it gets more viscous.

Starbucks updates on annual meeting of shareholders Essay

Comparing capital expenditureIntroduction Certain companies are considered as the front runners in their respective industries judging from their spending and the annual dough they get in their operations. For example, in the search engines industry, Google is well thought out to be the trailblazer having billions of users. However, there are small companies which try to thrive in the same industries. The small companies possess some unique features which help them to survive in those industries. They distinguish themselves by differentiating their products brand and surroundings to meet their target market place needs. Capital expenditure has been apply to determine a companys worth. It focusses on the properties, buildings and the equipment that a company considers as assets. The funds needed to buy, maintain and refresh these assets are the ones referred to as capital expenditure. Centred on the profit margins of a company, the capital expenditure is conjectured as a percentage of the gross profit during equivalent distri entirelyion. This writing will contrast the capital expenditure of Starbuck Corporation and Dunkin Brands in the cocoa industry of the United States. Starbuck being the frontrunner in the industry and Dunkin as its leading competitor. The makeup will focus on the capital expenditure of the two companies for the past three years. Dunkin Brands Corporation has for years thrived as a competing franchise in the coffee industry. It is the sole owner of two restaurants in the United States, that is, Baskin- Robbins and Dunkin donuts. Since it acts as the franchise for these two restaurants, the capital requirements has been brokener making it easy to open up the restaurants. Dunkin Donuts derives its income from the franchises by dint of royalties and fees. A fraction of the total capital expenditure is incurred by Dunkin Brands from these franchisees. It owns a global market share of roughly 23 percent while Starbucks own s about 32.6 percent, leading in the list as far as coffee market is concerned. In 2011, the capital expenditure for Dunkin Brands mounted to $19 million due to the addition of other outlets in the states. In the same year, the company had incurred huge expenses due to some few factors. These factors include, costs from giving out untested standard for public sale from a firm which has already made its preliminary public religious offering. , loss on debt when the creditor accepts a higher security, and written off goodwill charges from a corporation with South Korea. In the year 2012, the company had incurred capital expenditures of $23.4 million which is considered as restrained bearing in mind the number of settle launches. In 2013, the capital expenditure for Dunkin Brands elevated to $31.1 million. This shows that the apprize of the expenditure was consistent throughout the three years. The companys price- earnings ratio had been so low but due to the establis hment of spic-and-span stores the P/E ratio is expected to rise over the next fiscal year. The initial public offering that the company issued, raised funds to settle the long term debt creating a progressive cash flow. In the calculation of capital expenditure of Dunkin Brands, the net hail of fixed assets recorded in the financial statements for the previous year is subtracted from the net amount of fixed assets recorded for the year just ended. The amount of depreciation is excessively done the same and the result is added to the net change of the fixed assets. The final answer is the amount of capital expenditure of the company. Starbuck Corporation as the juggernaut in the coffee industry has continued to show growth especially towards the Asian countries ( Byrd,2013). Sales have increased steadily due to their market strategy modify an equal increase in capital expenditure. The expansion to these Asian countries which include, Chinese/Asian/Pacific division, has been considered as one of the factors that has contributed to the faster growth of the corporation. Starbuck Corporation continues to be successful due to the low interest rate that persuade the management to enlarge its capital expenditure. However this may upsurge the total quantity of liabilities on the balance sheet of the corporation. China/ Asian/ Pacific Division has an extraordinary economic growth with interest rates at its lowest making it an long and worthwhile investment opportunity caused by the increase in the companys liabilities. The need to increase these liabilities of the company is to capitalize on the returns in that new market environment. Starbuck has incurred some debt which has been getting lower considerably throughout the years. Its financial debt to total debt ratio in 2010 was 11% to 31% in 2013. Initially the termination for Starbuck Corporation to increase its capital expenditure, did not lower the profit margin which was the expectation of many . However, since 2010 to 2013, the profit margins heightened significantly. The company is expected to improve the income GDP per capita worldwide from 2010 which was at $7329 ( Byrd, 2013). This will in turn increase the visits the consumer makes to the stores resulting in growth with foreign revenue by additional 45% in the next 10 years. In the companys annual financial statements, the capital expenditures in the investing activities column shows that in the year 2011 was at $531.9 million. In the year 2012 the amount rosiness to $856.2 million and $1.15 billion in 2013. The capital expenditure has been consistent over the three years like the Dunkin Corporation. This was due to the opening of new stores across the country. derogation has grown in the years as a result of increased capital spending and procurements. 2012 has been Starbucks development phase since it increased the new stores to up to 1300. nearly of the stores were located in China. The capital expenditure value has been derived from getting the net fixed assets of the preceding year and subtracted it from the net fixed assets of the year just ended. The value is then added to the depreciation amount gotten from the difference between the depreciation value from the year just ended and the preceding year. The focus on the companys capital expenditure has been used to acquire the desired entropy to determine and predict its future earnings according to financial and accounting models. Managers counter information from the private operation about the future costs and demands over and done with their investment judgements. In the quick food service industry, Starbuck Corporation and Dunkin Brands are the name participants. They try to counter the rising consumer demands for fast food products. However they are somewhat different since Starbuck Corporation principal concentration is on the expensive coffee, but has trailed on other product lines such as teas and juices. Conve rsely, Dunkin Brands has focussed primarily on marketing their products to everyone by combining coffee and donuts. The rate of growth for Dunkin has been considered to be moderately strong by financial analysts, but Starbucks has been a stronger growth with very minimum amount of debt. Capital expenditure is the most commonly used determiner for how well a company operates since the funds are used to upgrade an existing business asset or purchasing a new asset for example a new building. The cost or the value of the business assets is always adjusted for tax purposes. Capital expenditure is measured to be deductible for tax determinations, because it signifies an improvement to the industry. The following table represents the capital expenditure comparisons between Starbuck Corporation and Dunkin Brands a franchise to the Dunkin donuts and Baskin Robbins.(2013).SBUX DNKNQtrly Rev Growth (yoy) 0.11 0.06Gross allowance account (ttm) 0.57 0.79Operating Margin (ttm) 0.14 0.39Net Income (ttm) 1.51B 106.11MP/E (ttm) 33.59 44.29P/S (ttm) 3.47 6.61Employees 160,000 1,104Revenue (ttm) 14.02B 667.67MEBITDA (ttm) 2.59B 313.12MEPS (ttm) 1.97 0.94PEG (5 yr expected) 1.61 1.72Market Cap 49.50B 4.42BReferencesStarbucks updates on annual confrontation of shareholders. (2013). Entertainment Close Up, Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/940899804?accountid=32521Mergent database in the Ashford University Library. Mergent Online Quick Tips accessed Nov 14th, 2014Byrd, J., Hickman, K., & McPherson, M. (2013). Managerial Finance. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education Inc.Source document

Media Reaction Paper – West Side Story

Media Reaction Paper western hemisphere Side tale West Side Story was one of the first musicals this writer saw on Broadway. It was such a mesmerizing experience to live the culmination of the hard work performed by a group of very talented individuals that stemmed from a single idea. It was not until research was done for this paper that this student realized what a great pagan impact West Side Story was when it was first introduced to audiences. The book for West Side Story was written by Arthur Laurents in 1949. An interesting fact or so this legendary story is that it was not always named West Side Story.The original name given this tale, based on Romeo and Juliet, was East Side Story. It was written as a rivalry tale between a gang of Roman Catholic teenagers named The Jets, and a gang of Judaic teenagers named The Emeralds. Because this topic of rivalry between the Jewish and Roman Catholic communities was redundant in the industry at the time, the creative team composed of Arthur Laurents, Jerome Robbins and Leonard Bernstein, distinct to put the project on hold. Thus, they ceased work on the idea for a period of almost five years (Miller, 2006).After five years the creative team reunited to work on other projects and decided to revisit East Side Story and give it a completely new twist and decided to set it in Harlem, natural York City (Miller, 2006). West Side Story depicts the love between a Caucasian teenage boy from the West Side of New York City and a young Puerto Rican missy from the same neighborhood. The characters were all from a poor neighborhood and hung out on the streets together. There were two gangs that were in constant conflict with each other The Jets and The Sharks.Tony, the master(prenominal) character, is a member of the Jets, a gang composed of Caucasian teenage boys. He is however, different from the rest of the members and wants to work and someday go on his own way. Maria is the sister of the leader of the Sharks, a g ang composed of teenage Puerto Rican boys. Maria and Tony meet and instantly fall in love and have to treat with the turmoil of being from different cultural backgrounds and the difficulty of having their love accepted by each of their groups. The relationship causes conflict in the neighborhood that results in force out and ultimately Tonys death.West Side Story was considered a breakthrough for the Puerto Rican community. Very little exposure about the Puerto Rican culture and their presence in New York City had been portrayed in any type of media up to the time the plays debut on Broadway. Although Puerto Ricans were depicted with stereotypes that were not inescapably true about their culture, the story delivers a message of change. It describes racism as dangerous and as an obstacle to love. To have developed such a disputed story during times when segregation still existed in the United States was very brave.What softened the diversified and strong topic was the fact that i t was a musical with very vivid choreography and colors andan upbeat script full of humor. This factor made the story more acceptable to the American people. The media has its ways to persuade the masses. inwardly the past century, the media has played an important part in the cultural changes in America. Television, radio, theater and written works have broken through the racism barriers to break off the many faces of the American population.Everyone is different and their cultural background makes a special contribution to the community of the world. West Side Story is a good subject of a media piece that addressed Americas cultural diversity in a time when most people had no idea how multicultural our country really was. References Miller, G. (Wintr-Summer 2003). Arthur Laurents chronology. American Drama, p. 1(9). Retrieved November 10, 2009, from General OneFile via Gale http//find. galegroup. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/ips/start. do? prodId=IPS

What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product?

The main problems in supply cooking stove of many industries are the excess of some convergences and the shortage of others because of unpredictable regards for these products. In this paper, a framework that helps manager to understand the nature of demand for their product and manage their supply chain in line with their product requirements is suggested. The products are classified into two groups according to their demand patterns Primarily serviceable products and primarily innovative products. Functional products are defined as the products that satisfy primary needs. The demand for that type of products is stable and predictable.They have a long liveness cycle. The competition in the market is fierce due to this stability in demand that results in low profit margins. On the other hand, innovative products are the ones that have clearly unpredictable demands. They may have very short life cycle because of the imitators. But luckily their profit margin is higher compared to the operable products. The supply chain management for the innovative products should clearly be different from the functional products. The managers should determine their product type and follow a supply strategy has a perfect match with their product type.Otherwise, some problems arise from the mismatch mingled with the type of product and the type of supply chain. The author classifies the functions of supply chain into two groups physical function and market media function. Physical functions include converting raw corporeal into parts, components and finished good, and also transporting the product. The cost in physical function of supply chain arises from the production, transportation and inventory storage. The market media function, on the other hand, is mostly colligate to ensuring that variety of products reaching the market place matches what customer want to buy.The cost in marker media function arises when supply exceeds demand or supply move shortage. Since th e demand for the innovative products is uncertain, the market domination cost for innovative products are dominant. According to their type of product, managers should follow a supply chain strategy that is physically efficient or market responsive. The best matches between supply chain strategy and the product type are efficient supply chain for the functional products and responsive supply chain for the innovative products. In efficient supply for functional products, there are two models introduced comparative and cooperative models.In the competitory model of supply chain relations, the retailer and the producer compete through price negations for a bigger profit pie. In cooperative model, the retailer and the manufacturer corporate to cut cost throughout the chain therefore the size of the pie is increased for both of them. One alternative can be using agonistical and the cooperative models at the same time. But, in this situation the information sharing between the retailer and the manufacturer seems problematic. In responsive supply for innovative products, the maiden thing to do is to reduce the uncertainty.There are three coordinated strategies are suggested in order to reduce, avoid and hedge uncertainty. The first one is to ferret out sources of new data that can serve as leading indicators and also to have different product share common components as much as possible so that the demand for components becomes more predictable. The second one is to avoid uncertainty by cutting lead times and increasing the supply chains flexibility. Lastly, once uncertainty is reduced, it can hedge against the remaining residual uncertainty with buffers of inventory or excess capacity.

Can Tourism Be Sustainable En the 21st Century

CAN TOURISM BE SUSTAINABLE IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY? tourism attention is one of the largest industry of the world in the 21st century, before the oil industry and the move industry. It is a vital sector for a lot of countries as it generates jobs and wealth. Neverthe slight, Tourism plunder also bring surroundingsal, social, and cultural degradations as more and more people travel all around the world. There was rough 935 million of tourists in 2010, and there will be 1. 6 billion tourists in 2020 according to the valet Tourism Organization.This enormous flow of tourists has undoubtedly a lot of impacts on the environment, on the local populations or on the economy. Furthermore, the global population is increasingly growing and the question of resources available is crucial and has become a matter of global concern when teaching occurs in a sequence of globalization. Because tourism keeps increasing, this is necessary to get wind ways to make tourism more sustainable. The question of sustainable ontogenesis has become a major issue of the 21st century nonably due to the climate change.While the original call for sustainable development in Bruntland Report (which goal was to unite countries to pursue sustainable development together) discussed the application of the principles, tourism was not specially discussed (Hall, 1998) Yet, there has been an increasing recognition of the role that tourism could exploit in sustainable development. As it is a driving force of the economy and a powerful instrument of development, it has a role to play to limit its negative impacts whether they argon cultural, environmental or economic.That is to say, adopting the principles of sustainable development to tourism. sustainable tourism is an generation of the concept of sustainable development (J. Swarbrooke, 1999). The sustainable development is defined in the Bruntland Report as a development which meets our call for today with tabu compromising the ability of people in the future to meet their needs. Therefore, sustainable tourism also deals with long-term viability. The goal of sustainable tourism is to conserve natural hereditary pattern and biodiversity, so the future generations will enjoy the environmental resources.It also has to respect the cultural heritage and tralatitious values of host communities and enable them to benefit from the advantages created by tourism, to make an equal distribution of benefits from tourism possible. The challenges argon to reconcile tourism and respect of the environmental, economic and social dimensions to minimize the socioeconomic negative externalities of tourism. So can tourism be sustainable in the twenty-first century? I Successful initiativesSustainable tourism is a complex notion which is part of a global system and cannot be tackled in isolation specifically, economically or temporally (Munt2003), it requires the implementation of different measures and initiatives. We can deliver t he goods sustainable tourism if different actors are aware of the situation and ready to take measures in order to improve things. Several summits and codes of conduct carried out show the growing interest in sustainable tourism and efforts made to achieve it. Rio Summit in 1992 ,The Global Code of Ethics for tourism or AGENDA 21 for the Travel & Tourism manufacture Towards Environmentally Sustainable Development) They give recommendations on the application of sustainable development to tourism. The support and cooperation of the mysterious and public sector are required to make sustainable tourism possible. any relevant stakeholders guard to work in partnership to develop a common sustainable tourism strategy (Hall, 1998). All actors involved in the process have to participate for each level local, regional, national.As tourism is part of a global system, sustainability has to be achieved in all sectors because they are interdependent. (Hall, 1998) Since the 198Os, there has b een a growing interest in the ethical standards of businesses. Public and political pressure has been growing for companies to behave more ethically in social intercourse to a range of issues (J. Swarbrooke, 1999) For event, the Club Med, a French corporation of vacation set a plight of sustainable tourism to guarantee environmentally friendly practices and to take part to the local economic development in an ethical manner.To address the negative impacts of tourism, new alternatives to aggregated tourism are developed much(prenominal) as green tourism or ecotourism which is a responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people (International Ecotourism Society, 1990) Besides some successful measures are taken to limit touristic flow. For instance to see orang utans in position in Tanzania, visitors have to pay a high wrong 235 pounds which enable to control the stream of travellers. Moreover, money generated by touri sm will help to preserve parks as it is invested in the parks for the preservation of the orangs utans .II Yet even some successful initiatives exist, some feeler remain to be made First, more and more operators are using those harm sustainable tourism as a new trend. It is a way to differentiate themselves from competitors with only commercial motivations. (Munt, 1998) Sustainable tourism has to adapt to each environment as each locality is totally different in terms of geography, ecosystem, social structure and economy, it is unlikely that the carrying capacity will be the same in any 2 places, so its application in any place is very different to forecast. J. Swarbrooke, 1999) Besides, when an action is utilise it is not easy to judge if it is really sustainable. An action can be judged sustainable or not after a long period of time when it is proved that the development of the activity has not preferential the needs of what were future generations when the development began (Hall, 1998) The majority of commentators agree on the fact that intervention is needed to achieve sustainable tourism .Nevertheless, public sector regulation is not easy in a time when there is a lot if privatization We generally oppose mass tourism to some alternative forms of tourism. For example, ecotourism is not necessarily more sustainable if ecotourism grows to a mass scale it will show all the characteristics of mass tourism. (J. Swarbrooke, 1999) We have seen that a partnership is required to achieve sustainable tourism but the tourism industry and local communities can have conflicting requirements.And the host communities are commonly not enough reinforced to make their voice heard compared to the power of the tourism industry. The Maldives is representative of both positive and negative impacts engendered by tourism. Tourism accounts for 30 % of the Maldives GDP. Every tourist products an average of 7. 7 pounds of waste each day. With the development of the tourism, the politics has decided to sacrifice one of the island and to make it the bin of the archipelago. The island grows of a square meter per day.For tourists, the rubbish frame invisible. Pollution is becoming worst and everyday the seabed is altered. Ships unload 3OO tons of rubbish everyday, which are dumped on the floor with no waste sorting. There are some toxic waste material which foul the sea but also endanger the demeanor of dustmen. Sustainable tourism is a complex undertaking because key concepts are interrelated, it is about stakeholders whose interests have to be balanced. To lead to great social, economic and environmental benefits, sustainable tourism is required.A tourism bad managed can have negative consequences and have a prejudicial load or even destructive on the social and environmental dimensions. And the complete set of impacts has to be heedful at a global scale or we cannot hope to achieve complete sustainability at anything less than this scale (Hall, 1 998) Furthermore, to be truly sustainable, tourism has to pay more attention to the social dimension because we usually focus more on the environmental dimension. Touristic activities have to contribute towards the economic development and improves the quality of life of local populations.Tourism creates some negative impacts, but the role of the sustainable tourism is to try to limit them. So that the consequences tourism has on biodiversity, natural resources or the amount of waste keep acceptable. Maybe truly sustainable tourism can probably never be achieved but it remains an ideal that we must exposit to attain (Hall, 1998) BIBLIOGRAPHY Books C. Michael Hall & Allan A. Lew, 1998, Sustainable Tourism a Geographical Perspective, Pearson, Essex M. Mowforth & I.Munt, 2003, Tourism and Sustainability, Routledge, London W. Peter ,H. Rob, G. Tonny, , 2002, Sustainable Tourism a Global Perspective, Elvesier Butterworth-Heinemann, Italy J. Swarbrooke, 2005, Sustainable Tourism Manageme nt, Cabi Publishing, Cambridge Web site http//www. unep. fr/scp/tourism/sustain/ http//www. alpesolidaires. org/tourisme-solidaire-la-rencontre-avant-tout http//www. globalsustainabletourism. com/Events/48-2012-World-Tourism-Day-WTD-Tourism-and-Sustainable-Energy-Powering-Sustainable-Development. html

John Proctor An Honorable Man

John is a mankind of strong moralistic beliefs, who is concerned exclusively for the safety of his family and personal welfare. He does non care about the beliefs of any of the otherwise people in the town and what his supervisor which is the sublime, thinks either. After trying to avoid involve workforcet in the bewitch trials he is afterwards prosecuted for witchery and sentenced to hang. John tries to avoid any involvement in the Salem enthral trials. His reason for doing so is to protect his image because he is afraid he entrust be pull of adultery with Abigail Williams.Following these thus farts he tries to save every matchlesss lives by admitting to this adultery and dismisss up losing the trial along with his spiritedness. He did have a chance to live simply instead of sanctifying his name to keep his life, he desireed to check honorably with his virtuosos not without a name, a soul, and with guilt. John Proctors decision to smash is bonnie and believable. Reverend Parris, the Salem minister and Proctors immediate supervisor, says there is either obe movence or the per miscellanea entrust blow up deal hell is burning.John, on the other hand, has come to regard his egotism as a queen mole rat of fraud, as long as he remains obe come apartnt to authority which he cant respect. In other words he believes that he cant be his true self when he has to follow the rules of lie and not by his morals. He thinks there is as well as practically indicate of hell in Gods church and about the dangers to the community to underlying in totally this talk of witch craft. He is caught in a web of dilemmas involving not unaccompanied his fate merely his wife, his friends, and the entire Salem community.John is the individual who must decide weather or not he will assert himself against an overbearing authoritarian government. His loyalty to his own but his riot against the church in truth involves none but is own welfare, and that in no profound way. Although all this goes on in the end the community of Salem lies on his decision on weather to lie ingloriously or die honorably. John Proctor is looked upon as a respectable farmer, and as a individualist, he may be but he is still respected.John does not respect the church especially when a reverend so corrupt is the superior. John Proctor is setup as the individual who is revolting form the restrictions of too much authority. He does not like the smell of this authority. Many men were believed to be tempted by the Devil to do his bidding and they were thought of to be the enemy. In Salem, the enemy is at least part represented by Proctor, who is acting as an individual and is breaking international from the established authority. He is a threat to the community, and will be considered as being working with the Devil.The one looked upon as a threat, ultimately, the central figure of drama, but still seen as a Christian is seen to be John Proctor. That is why he needs to extract the people of Salem that he really does not have an alliance with the demigod and that he will die not as the enemy but as a friend. He must leaven them he is and was committed to the society before it started to become corrupt. John showing he will not live with shame, he will live without it or die. He does not want to be remembered like that, he wants to be remembered and looked upon as John Proctor.John has two choices, to commit himself to one side or the other. The two choices were to either live with lies, guilt, no name, and no soul or die for his friends and in an well(p) and justifiable way. As he his handed the blank paper and pen to sign away his life he looks at his friends faces and reads their expressions like a book and somehow he reads that why give yourself away to the devil as a lie when you can die for what you believe in and with the people you love. He has to choose, his choice was to die which was a choice to commit himself to his friends and die honorable, and as a honest man.He states that I have three children,how may I teach them to walk like men in the world, and I sold my friends? He says if he is dishonorable to his friends then this would be stuck on his fend for along with his familys, so if he was to choose to lie his kids would not look up to their own tyro as a role model and he would not be remembered as a friend but as a foe. They would think of him as a liar and not faithful to his friends and family. So this is why he chooses to die so he leaves this world with him being remembered as honorable not dishonorable not only to his family but to his friends.As a result of his involvement, John finds himself accused at being a witch. After being trialed and condemned to death, John refuses to confess and give them the lie they want because of his hook and stubbornness. John even though he doesnt want to die for such a derisory reason, he is face with the obstacle of being completely against the oth er condemned witches, and by his confession, becoming partly obligated for the deaths of his friends. His choice was to die which was a choice and attempt to commit himself to his friends and die an honorable and honest man which made his death true and justifiable.John Proctor an honorable manJohn is a man of strong moral beliefs, who is concerned only for the safety of his family and personal welfare. He does not care about the beliefs of any of the other people in the town and what his supervisor which is the Reverend, thinks either. After trying to avoid involvement in the witch trials he is later prosecuted for witchery and sentenced to hang. John tries to avoid any involvement in the Salem Witch trials. His reason for doing so is to protect his image because he is afraid he will be committed of adultery with Abigail Williams.Following these events he tries to save everyones lives by admitting to this adultery and ends up losing the trial along with his life. He did have a cha nce to live but instead of signing his name to keep his life, he wanted to die honorably with his friends not without a name, a soul, and with guilt. John Proctors decision to die is reasonable and believable. Reverend Parris, the Salem minister and Proctors immediate supervisor, says there is either obedience or the church will burn like hell is burning.John, on the other hand, has come to regard his self as a king of fraud, as long as he remains obedient to authority which he cant respect. In other words he believes that he cant be his true self when he has to follow the rules of lie and not by his morals. He thinks there is too much mention of hell in Gods church and about the dangers to the community to implicit in all this talk of witch craft. He is caught in a web of dilemmas involving not only his fate but his wife, his friends, and the entire Salem community.John is the individual who must decide weather or not he will assert himself against an overbearing authoritarian gov ernment. His loyalty to his own but his rebellion against the church really involves none but is own welfare, and that in no profound way. Although all this goes on in the end the community of Salem lies on his decision on weather to lie dishonorably or die honorably. John Proctor is looked upon as a respectable farmer, and as a individualist, he may be but he is still respected.John does not respect the church especially when a reverend so corrupt is the superior. John Proctor is setup as the individual who is revolting form the restrictions of too much authority. He does not like the smell of this authority. Many men were believed to be tempted by the Devil to do his bidding and they were thought of to be the enemy. In Salem, the enemy is at least partially represented by Proctor, who is acting as an individual and is breaking away from the established authority. He is a threat to the community, and will be considered as being working with the Devil.The one looked upon as a thr eat, ultimately, the central figure of drama, but still seen as a Christian is seen to be John Proctor. That is why he needs to show the people of Salem that he really does not have an alliance with the devil and that he will die not as the enemy but as a friend. He must show them he is and was committed to the society before it started to become corrupt. John showing he will not live with shame, he will live without it or die. He does not want to be remembered like that, he wants to be remembered and looked upon as John Proctor.John has two choices, to commit himself to one side or the other. The two choices were to either live with lies, guilt, no name, and no soul or die for his friends and in an honorable and justifiable way. As he his handed the blank paper and pen to sign away his life he looks at his friends faces and reads their expressions like a book and somehow he reads that why give yourself away to the devil as a lie when you can die for what you believe in and with the people you love. He has to choose, his choice was to die which was a choice to commit himself to his friends and die honorable, and as a honest man.He states that I have three children,how may I teach them to walk like men in the world, and I sold my friends? He says if he is dishonorable to his friends then this would be stuck on his back along with his familys, so if he was to choose to lie his kids would not look up to their own father as a role model and he would not be remembered as a friend but as a foe. They would think of him as a liar and not faithful to his friends and family. So this is why he chooses to die so he leaves this world with him being remembered as honorable not dishonorable not only to his family but to his friends.As a result of his involvement, John finds himself accused at being a witch. After being trialed and condemned to death, John refuses to confess and give them the lie they want because of his pride and stubbornness. John even though he doesnt wa nt to die for such a pathetic reason, he is faced with the obstacle of being completely against the other condemned witches, and by his confession, becoming partly responsible for the deaths of his friends. His choice was to die which was a choice and attempt to commit himself to his friends and die an honorable and honest man which made his death true and justifiable.

REBT

Began his c atomic number 18er attempting to scientifically validate Frauds supposition of depression. When the failed, he began researching a cognitive model of depression that results in his rejection and isolation from the psychiatric. Arnold Lazarus Grounded his work in cognitive and neighborly learning theories, developed multimode therapy. Which involves a multi faceted assessment and encourages technical eclecticism to effect agitate crossways all argonas all beas of functioning and experience.When People Under wear or have Insight into how they need slightly puzzle themselves and create an unhealthy and nonadaptive feelings and behaviors, that insight often will help them change and devise themselves less disturbed. But understanding and insight is not enough. In order to importantly change themselves, They almost invariably have to pinpoint their unlogical philosophies work at changing them to more functional and self helping attitudes. Cognitive, Emotive-evocativ e and Behavioral. Ellis 2003- Rational emotive behavior therapy (REST) the first of the cognitive behavior therapies, and at a timeadays it continues to be a major cognitive behavioral approach. 0 REBUT has a great deal in common with the therapies that are oriented toward cognition and behavior as it overly stresses idea, Judging, deciding, analyzing, and doing. The basic assumption of REBUT is that people pass to their own psychological problems, as well as to specific symptoms, by the rigid and extreme beliefs they collapse about events and situations. REBUT is based on the assumption that cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact significantly and have a interchangeable cause-and-effect relationship. Moreover RESTs basic hypothesis is that our emotions stem master(prenominal)ly from our beliefs, which influence the evaluations and interpretations however we make of the reactions we have to deportment situations. Through the therapeutic process, clients learn dexteri tys that give them the tools to identify and dispute nonrational beliefs that have been acquired and self-constructed and are now maintained by self-indoctrination.In addition learn the process themselves how to replace such ineffective ways of mentation with effective and rational cognitions, and as a result they change their emotional reactions to situations. View of Human temperament Rational emotive behavior therapy is based on the assumption that human beings are born with a potential for both rational, or straight, thinking and blind, or crooked, thinking. People have tendencies for self-preservation, happiness, hinging and verbalizing, loving, communion with others, and growth and self- actualization.They also have inclinations for self-destruction, avoidance of thought, procrastination, endless repetition of mistakes, superstition, intolerance, perfectionism and self-blame, and avoidance of actualization growth potentials. View of Emotional preventative Based on the pre mise that we learn irrational beliefs from significant others during childhood and then re-create these irrational beliefs throughout our lifetime. The therapeutic should be actively pay back our sulfanilamide beliefs through the recesses of autosuggestion and self-repetition, and we then behave in ways that are consistent with these beliefs.Hence, it is largely our own repetition of early-indoctrinated irrational beliefs, rather than a parents repetition, that detainments dysfunctional attitudes alive and operative within us. In addition therapist teaches clients how to feel sad, but not depressed. l must do well and win the approval of others for my performances or else I am no good. different people must treat me conside prescribely, fairly, kindly, and in exactly the way I penury them to treat me. If they dont, they are no good and they deserve to be condemned and punished. l must get what I want, when I want it and I must not get what I dont want. If I dont get what I want , its terrible, I cant stand it, and life is no good for depriving me of what I must have. A-B-C Framework The A-B-C framework is central to REBUT theory and practice. This model provides a useful tool for understanding the clients feelings, thoughts, events, and behavior (Wolfe, 2007) Assumption in Cognitive Therapy richly acknowledging that we are largely responsible for creating our own emotional robbers.Accepting the concept that we have the ability to change these disturbances significantly Recognizing that our emotional problems largely stem from irrational beliefs Clearly observe beliefs Seeing the value of disputing such unsuccessful beliefs Therapeutic Process According to Ellis (2001 b Ellis & Harper, 1997), we have a strong tendency not only when to rate our acts and behaviors as good or bad, worthy or unworthy, on the other hand the likes ofwise to rate ourselves as a total person on the basis of our performances.These marks found one of the main sources of our emoti onal assistances. As a result, most rational emotive behavior therapists have the general aspiration of teaching clients how to separate the evaluation of their behaviors from the evaluation of themselves their essence and their totality Pearce and how to accept themselves in spite of their imperfections. therapists authority and Role The therapist has specific tasks, and the first step is to show clients how they have incorporated many irrational absolute should, oughtnt, and musts. Moreover somewhat dispute clients irrational beliefs and encourages clients to engage in activities that will counter their self-defeating beliefs and to replace their rigid musts with preferences. A second step in the therapeutic process is to validate how clients are keeping their emotional disturbances active by keep to think illogically and unrealistically. In other words, because clients keep re programming themselves and the clients responsible for their own psychological problems. The Third St ep helping clients modify their thinking and minimize their irrational ideas.Even though it is unlikely that we can entirely eliminate the tendency to think irrationally and reduce the frequency of such thinking. Lastly, step in the therapeutic process is to challenge clients to develop a rational doctrine of life so that in the future they can avoid becoming the dupe of other irrational beliefs. Embark upon only specific problems or symptoms can give no assumption that new illogical fears will not emerge. REBUT focal point here-and-now experiences and clients present ability to change the patterns of thinking and emoting that they constructed earlier.The therapist does not apply much time to exploring clients early history and making inspections mingled with their past and present behavior unless doing so will aid the therapeutic process. Nor does the therapist usually look for clients early relationships with their parents or siblings. Instead, the therapeutic process stresses to clients that they are presently disturbed because they still believe in and act upon their self- defeating view of themselves, other people, and the world.Cognitive Approaches Grounded on the idea that Psychological Disorder are characterized by dysfunctional thinking based on dysfunctional beliefs Usually incorporate a persuasive cognitive methodological analysis in the therapeutic process. Demonstrate to clients in a quick and direct manner what it is that they are continuing to tell themselves. Teaches clients how to deal with these self-statements so that they no longer believe them, encouraging them to acquire a philosophy based on reality. REBUT relies heavily on thinking, disputing, debating, challenging, interpreting, explaining, and teaching.Disputing Irrational beliefs Disputing irrational beliefs. The most common cognitive method of REBUT consists of the therapist actively disputing clients irrational beliefs and teaching them how to do this challenging on their own. Clients go over a particular must, absolute should, or ought until t hey no longer hold that irrational belief, or at least until it is diminished in strength. Doing cognitive homework Clients are expected to make lists of their problems, look for their absolutist beliefs, and dispute these beliefs.Functioning homework, clients are encouraged to put themselves in risk- taking situations that will waive them to challenge their selecting beliefs. Where in client with a talent for acting who is afraid to act in front end of an audience because of fear of failure may be asked to take a small part in a stage play. Bibliographer Assigning clients readings that will be Motivating and Instructional for dealing with their presenting Problem. However Therapist/Counselor assign Self Help Books to Read and Also Suggest to Read a intensity Inspirational Literatures.Cinema Therapy Similar to bibliographer, Cinema Therapy Involves assigning client to watch a movie that will announce to the pr oblem issue. Labeling Cognition Philosophical questioning and direction questions, Some client find it helpful in identifying and label distorted thinking to reduce it sway on them. Counselor/Therapist will reinforce to help the client to practice labeling distorted hinging in session so that clients can transfer this skill to their everyday lives.Arbitrary inference Jumping to conclusions Selective Abstraction Filtering out the Positive Personalization All Boys are like that Magnification and minimization Emphasizing the negative and Ignoring the positive. Personalization Exaggerating ones responsibility or misinterpreting neutral comments. Dichotomous sentiment Black and White Misleading Attaching an extreme or personalized label to a person or situation. Mind Reading Assuming negative thoughts and intentions on the part of others.

Communication †According to Ability Essay

Whether CLT should be considered an come near or a method actingology is a much(prenominal) abstract debate and here I destiny to muddle with its more practical aspects. In fact, it is those very elements, and the name itself, which apply been used to challenge the emerging relevance of CLT. Firstly, the label implies a focus on communication and some might argue that this method cant be employed genuinely with low levels as on that point is no authorized communication, due to a limited vocabulary and restricted range of functions. Initially, many of a learners utterances are very formulaic. As an aside, consider just what percentage of our own English expressions are unique, and how a lot we rely on a set phrase just because it is delivered unselfconsciously and with natural intonation does non make it original. The aim is that the length and complexity of exchanges, and confident delivery, will grow with the students nomenclature ability.With the emphasis on communicat ion, there is also the implication that spoken exchanges should be authentic and meaningful detractors strike that the artificial nature of classroombased (i.e. teacher created) interactions makes CLT an oxymoron. Nevertheless, a proficient teacher will house a context so that class interactions are realistic and meaningful further with the support necessitate to assist students to generate the target nomenclature. We need to consider that producing language is a skill and when we learn a skill we practise in improvised settings. For example, before a nurse gives a real injection, they direct punctured many a piece of fruit to hone their technique. Accuracy as Well as FluencyIt might also be argued that the extent of some of the structures or functions may never be used in real life. i example is adjective order I obtain granted students an exercise where they have to produce a phrase with a string of adjectives, such as a strong, orange, Norwegian, canvas tent. This is v ery unnatural, as most times we only combine two or leash adjectives. The other example is directions we have students follow a map and negotiate exhaustive directions which suggest maze-like complexity. In reality, most of us probably are only involved in a three-phase set of directions. In fact, what we are doing with these exercises is exposing students to patterns which they can later activate.This focus on accuracy versus fluency is one of the issues not a good deal considered in a discussion of CLT. The teacher decides to pay attention to one or other abolish of this band, depending on the type of lesson, or the stage of a particular lesson, and accuracy is their choice if they want to deal with students getting things right, take an opportunity for correction, or gauge the success of their teaching, for example. Freer speaking involves more choice, therefore more ambiguity, and less teacher intervention. While CLT implies the lessons are more student-centred, this does n ot mean they are un-structured. The teacher does have a very important role in the process, and that is setting up activities so that communication real happens. There is a lot of preparation accuracy practice is the bridge to a fluency activity. By implication, CLT involves equipping students with vocabulary, structures and functions, as well as strategies, to enable them to interact successfully.The reference to strategies introduces the matter of grammatical versus communicative competence. If we view the two as mutually exclusive, then we are likely to champion one everywhere the other, in terms of approach, curriculum or whatever else determines and defines our classroom teaching. In fact, Canale and Swains lesson of communicative competence, referred to by Guangwei Hu, includes four sub-categories, namely grammatical, sociolinguistic discourse and strategic. They consider someone competent in English should demonstrate both rules of grammar and use. Promoting LearningThis returns us to the consideration of who we are teaching, and why. Are our students aiming to learn or acquire English? Do they need to know lexical items and linguistic rules as a promoter of passing an exam, or do they want to be able to interact in English? For those abandoned to maintain the dichotomy between learning and acquisition, and who argue that our primary focus is learners, CLT still has relevance. It is timely to critical review an early definition of CLT. According to Richards and Rodgers, in Guangwei Hu, CLT is basically about promoting learning.Then again, Mark Lowe suggests that we follow Hallidays lead and drop the distinction between learning and acquisition, and refer to language professionaly instead. After all, if the students master the language, they will certainly be able to perform better in exams, if that is their goal. In addition, those who do nab a purpose beyond classroom-related English will be better equipped for utilize the language socially. M otivationOne of the constant discussions in all my teacher training groups was how to motivate students. This suggests that the focus on passing the exam was not always enough. Motivation relates to sweet students but also includes confidence building. If there is a climate of trust and support in the classroom, then students are more likely to contribute. One way of developing this is to allow pair-checking of answers before open-class checking occurs. Another way is to include an opportunity for students to discuss a topic in small groups before there is any expectation that they speak in look of the whole class. Evelyn Doman suggests that The need for ongoing negotiation during interaction increases the learners overt participation It is this involvement we need to armor and build on.Sometimes the participation is hardly what we would define as negotiation, but merely a contribution. For a few students, just uttering a word or a phrase can be an achievement. Indeed, some of th e teachers in the training sessions said this was the goal they set for their more reticent pupils. And I have had students who, after writing their first note or e-mail in English, expressed their pride at being able to do so.If teachers consider an activity to be irrelevant or not engaging enough, there are many other tasks which may be more appropriate, such as surveys, using a stimulus picture and prompt questions (Who Where WhenWhat), or a series of pictures which need to be sequenced before a story is discussed. In this respect, CLT addresses another area which constantly challenges teachers, the mixed-ability class. When the lesson progresses to a freer-speaking activity, students can contribute harmonise to their ability and confidence, although I acknowledge both need to be stretched. So there is a challenge for the more capable students, while those with an average ability still feel their effort is valid. This compares with the less imaginative opportunities offered by some textbooks, where students read a dialogue, perhaps doing a substitution activity, for example.A basic responsibleness is considering and responding to the needs of our students, so if the course book is inadequate we need to employ the following steps select, adapt, renounce and supplement. Moreover, because each class we teach has its own characteristics and needs, CLT will vary each time we employ it. conclusionToo often, a new approach appears to completely dismiss the previous one. This is not always the intention, but probably more a result of the enthusiasm of practitioners exploring and implementing fresh activities or opportunities. Also, throughout the CLT debate, there look to be dichotomies which are employed to argue for its irrelevance. It is evident that CLT has gathered a range of characteristics, perhaps more through misunderstanding or by association, but it is actually not as incompatible with other valued practices as it is sometimes made to appear.